<p>The Montgomery–Janes–Whittaker House, best known today as Buena Vista, is a historic Federal style plantation house in Autauga County, Alabama, south of Prattville. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the house was started in 1822 by one of the first landowners, John W. Freeman or Josiah Huie. It was completed by the next owner, William Montgomery, in 1844. Mary Emma Scott Stewart purchased the property in 1910 from the Montgomery family. Jacob Janes then owned the house for two years before it was sold to the Fred Whittaker family in 1937. The Whittaker family restored and added modern amenities to the house. They owned it until 1978, when the house was inherited by M.W. Petrey, Jr. It was sold again in 1982 to the Union Camp Corporation, a pulp and paper company that allowed the Autauga County Heritage Association to preserve and maintain the house. Following Union Camp&#39;s acquisition by International Paper, the new owner donated the house to the association in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Original exterior details of the -story frame house include delicately built fanlights over the front doors and in the side gable ends. The interior features elaborate plasterwork and a spiral mahogany staircase that ascends from the ground floor to the third floor attic. A monumental Ionic portico was added to the front facade of the house during the Colonial Revival period by the Stewart family. The Whittaker family changed the front portico floor from wood to brick and added cast iron to the existing second floor balcony during their restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Daylight Building or Daylight Block is a two-story office and commercial building on Union Avenue in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee. The building was completed in 1927. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Daylight Building, faced with blond brick, was one of several downtown Knoxville buildings built by real estate developer Benjamin Howard Sprankle. A glass clerestory on its roof allowed sunlight to enter the interior core of the building. Offices lining both sides of a square hallway surrounding the buildings core had windows, open either to the outside or to the light well at the buildings core.</p><br>
<p>The building served for many years as offices for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). It was one of four downtown Knoxville buildings that housed TVA personnel from 1933 until the early 1980s. Much of TVA’s engineering staff was located in the Daylight Building, along with staff of the agency&#39;s training and soil conservation organizations. TVA vacated the building when the agency moved into a new office tower in the 1980s. The Daylight Building was later occupied by Whittle Communications, but most of the building sat empty for years after Whittle moved out in the early 1990s. There were proposals to demolish the building.</p><br>
<p>Developer David Dewhirst bought the Daylight Building in 2008 for $1.35 million. The following year he began restoration of the building, including its glass clerestory and its daylight illumination, with the intention of creating retail space on the first floor with apartments above. The restoration process revealed some original design details that had gone unnoticed for many years, including copper window frames that had been obscured by yellow paint. Tenants began moving into the building&#39;s 36 rental apartments in August 2010.</p><br>
<p>In order to qualify for historic preservation tax credits, Dewhirst sought listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was listed on the National Register on November 25, 2009. The listing recognized the buildings role in TVAs early history and the lack of alterations subsequent to its use by TVA.</p><br>
<p>The Everard Ranges are ranges of low rounded granite hills, of Palaeocene origin between 20 and 60 million years ago, in Central Australia and located 80 km west of Mintabie. Rising into domes above a Cenozoic peneplain, which is here about 550 metres above sea level, they were named by Ernest Giles after a cattle station called "Everard Park", and consist of monoliths or bornhardts, rich in caves and overhangs with Aboriginal rock painting galleries. The ranges are similar to Ayers Rock and the Olgas.</p><br>
<p>"Arriving at the first hills of the Everard, I found they were all very peculiar, bare, red, granite mounds, being the most extraordinary ranges one could possibly imagine, if indeed any one could imagine such a scene. They have thousands of acres of bare rock, piled up into mountainous shapes and lay in isolated masses, forming something like a broken circle, all round a central and higher mass. They have valleys filled with scrubs between each section. Numerous rocky glens and gorges were seen, having various kinds of shrubs and low trees growing in the interstices of the rocks. Every thing and every place was parched, bare, and dry. We searched in many places for water without success." Ernest Giles - Australia Twice Traversed</p><br>
<p>Tourism in the area has been taken under the wing of the Mimili community, lying about 22 km north-east.</p><br>
<p>There is an extensive radiation of camaenid land snails in the region, with many species appearing endemic to the Everard Ranges, including Pleuroxia everardensis, P. carmeena, Sinumelon pumilio, Tatemelon everardensis, Semotrachia minuta, S. illbilleeana, Dirutrachia ponderi.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio State Normal College at Kent is a historic district in Kent, Ohio, United States. It consists of the five original buildings on the main campus of Kent State University, with the first, Merrill Hall, opening in 1913 and the last, Moulton Hall, opening in 1917. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The name of the district comes from the working name of what would later be named the Kent State Normal School in 1911 and ultimately Kent State University by 1935.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 19, 1910, Ohio Governor Judson Harmon signed into law the Lowry bill to establish two normal schools in northern Ohio, one in the northwest and one in the northeast. A five-member search commission was formed to examine the bids from each community interested in hosting the schools. After eliminating several communities in two rounds of applications and presentations, the commission arrived in Kent September 27 and examined two sites in Kent including the 52.89 acre William S. Kent farm at the corner of East Main and South Lincoln and the Engelhart Farm on the southeast side of the village. The commission returned for a surprise visit November 11 to again examine the Kent farm with final hearings November 19. News officially reached Kent November 25 via a telegram to William S. Kent from the Normal Schools Commission. Governor Judson Harmon announced that Kent had been selected as the site of the normal school for northeast Ohio on December 1. It was initially known as the "Ohio State Normal College at Kent" until July 17, 1911 when the school was formally named by the new Board of Trustees. They agreed to name the school after William S. Kent as the Kent State Normal School making it the only public university in Ohio named for an individual. It was at the same time the Board hired John Edward McGilvrey as the school&#39;s first president and chose architect George F. Hammond to design the first two buildings and draft a campus master plan.</p><br>
<h3>Planning and construction</h3><br>
<p>The five original buildings were designed together in the classical revival style by architect George F. Hammond and were arranged in a semicircle at the top of the hill, originally as "Normal Hill",</p><br>
<p>Merrill Hall was completed first in time to host the first classes on the campus May 19, 1913, the beginning of the first summer term, though McGilvrey had already begun classes at extension centers. 47 students attended that first session with 20 faculty members. Merrill Hall would serve as the home to all departments including the Teacher Training School, the library, and the administration until 1915. Lowry Hall would also open in 1913 as the first dormitory, then only for women. It was first referred to as "Walden Hall" because of its similar setting to Henry David Thoreaus Walden Pond before being named for John Hamilton Lowry in 1915. By 1915 the Administration Building (later to be the Auditorium Building and presently as Cartwright Hall) was opened along with Science Hall, today known as Kent Hall. The Administration Building also housed the library, an auditorium, and a makeshift gymnasium which would play host to Kent States early basketball games. In addition to housing the science classes, Kent Hall also became the home of the University School until 1927. The final building of the original plan was Moulton Hall, an additional dormitory for women, which opened in 1917.</p><br>
<h3>Modifications</h3><br>
<p>Original plans called for the Administration Building (today&#39;s Cartwright Hall) to have a dome and be connected to classroom buildings (Merrill Hall and Kent Hall) on each side. The dome was never completed, but a facade was added in 1931 which gave the building its present pitched roof. The covered connections were built, but eventually removed in later renovations. In 1923, construction began on Wills Gymnasium, which was connected to the back of the Administration Building. It opened in 1925. An addition was also built onto Lowry Hall beginning in 1923. In 1926 construction began on the William A. Cluff Teacher Training School (today known as Franklin Hall) adjacent to Kent Hall as the home for the University School followed by Rockwell Hall in 1927 to house the library, both opening in 1928. Merrill Hall was renovated in 1931 and Science Hall was renamed William S. Kent Hall in 1938 after the opening of McGilvrey Hall as the new home for the science department.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Lowry Hall housed members of the Civil Aeronautics Administration War Training Service. As the campus began to expand and grow at the conclusion of World War II, new dorms and classroom buildings were built resulting in changes for the uses of every building in the district. A new student union building opened in 1948 as the center of campus activity slowly began to shift to the southeast. New dorm construction during the 1950s allowed for the conversion of both Lowry and Moulton Halls to be used as classroom buildings and other buildings would house several different departments at various time. Merrill Hall, for instance, would house the School of Music and the English Department in the 1950s with Kent Hall housing the School of Speech, Humanities, foreign languages, and several administrative offices at various times prior to 1960. Merrill Hall would again be renovated in 1969. By the 1970s, construction of the 12-story library and current student center and several other buildings during the 1960s established a new center of activity and the campus has continued to expand south and eastward from there. The Executive Offices were moved to the current location in the library in 1976 and the Wills Hall gymnasium and pool were demolished in 1979.</p><br>
<h3>Current uses</h3><br>
<p>All buildings in the district were completely renovated throughout the latter half of the 1990s and most of the 2000s beginning with the renovation of Merrill Hall, which was completed in 1994, and ending with the renovation of Kent Hall in 2005. Merrill Hall now houses the Department of Sociology and the Institute for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Lowry Hall was renovated in 1996 and is now home to the Department of Anthropology, the Office of the University Architect, Facilities Planning and Operations, Kent State University Press, Faculty/Staff Assistance Programs, and the Institute of Research and Decision Support and, along with Moulton Hall, the College of Public Health, which began offering online courses in 2009 and classroom courses in August 2010. Moulton Hall was renovated in 1998. It now houses Educational Technology and Distance Leaning, the Deans Office for the College of Communication and Information, the Faculty Professional Development Center, and the Research Center for Educational Technology. Cartwright Halls renovations were completed in 2002. What remained of Wills Hall was demolished and replaced with a new lobby for the University Auditorium. It was renamed for President Carol Cartwright following her retirement in 2006 and houses the University Auditorium, the Division of Research and Graduate Studies, and the Institute for Study and Prevention of Violence. Renovations and an addition to Kent Hall were completed in 2005. It currently houses the Department of Psychology.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Gammel Holtegård is a former country house in Rudersdal Municipality north of Copenhagen, Denmark, today operated as an arts centre and a museum. It was built by the Danish Baroque architect Lauritz de Thurah for his own use in 1757. Its original Baroque gardens were reconstructed in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1755 Lauritz de Thurah acquired an agricultural property, a former tenant farn, in order to establish a suitable country house for himself outside Copenhagen. Simultaneously he was also building a town house for himself in Amaliegade in Copenhagens new Frederiksstaden district, the responsibility of which he had been assigned after Nicolai Eigtveds death the previous year. Prior to that, he had lived some years at his Børgum Estate to which he had retired when his Baroque style fell out of favour and most of the prestigious assignments in the capital went to Eigtved.</p><br>
<p>To begin with he demolished the old farmhouse and laid out a large garden à la française with symmetrical plantings of fruit trees and flowering plants, bounded by lime tree avenues. When the new buildings were completed, it included farm buildings and a royal privileged inn.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1757. It was a single-storey, three-winged building with a hip roof topped by a flèche. Lauritz de Thurah had the two clocks specially cast for the building. The estate also included agricultural buildings and a royal privileged inn. However, de Thurah died just two years after his new house was completed.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the estate was owned by Hans Niels Andersen, founder of the East Asiatic Company. He conducted a thorough restoration of the main building with the assistance of the architect Vilhelm Holck. Holch also added a frontispiece to the main wing.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 Søllerød Municipality, now part of Rudersdal Municipality, acquired the main building and after an Europa Nostra-awarded adaption into an exhibition space from 1979&ndash;83, Gammel Holtegård opened to the public in 1982. In 1994 Gammel Holtegård was taken over by a foundation which now owns and operates the place.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and gardens</h2><br>
<p>From the outside, the main building appears largely as it did when it was completed in 1757, save the frontispiece added in 1900. The Baroque gardens were reconstructed in 2004. The lime tree avenues are those originally planted by de Thurah. A group of beech trees of an unusual cultivar with palmately lobed leaves is also from his day.</p><br>
<h2>Gammel Holtegård today</h2><br>
<p>Gammel Holtehård is mainly a venue for temporary exhibitions. It also houses a local historic archive and a collection of Stone Age findings from nearby Vedbæk.</p><br>
<p>The agricultural buildings and most of the land was sold off in 1897. It was acquired by Søllerød Municipality in 1934 and has since 1975 been used for a golf course among other things.</p><br>
<h2>The Vedbæk Finds</h2><br>
<p>Gammel Holtegård also houses the so-called Vedbæk Finds from the Bøgebakken archaeological site, a Mesolithic cemetery of the Ertebølle culture. An example of the findings of this culture cemetery include the bodies of a young woman with a necklace made of teeth, and her newborn baby. The child is cradled in the wing of a swan with a flint knife at its hip. The child&#39;s gravegoods suggest that the culture involved ascribed status – the passing of power between generations. The brief statistical findings of the cemetery are as follows; 22 individual bodies (4 newborns), 17 of the adults buried could be aged - 8 died before reaching the age of 20. There were 9 men, 5 of them over the age of 50, and 8 women: 2 died before the age of 20, 3 living to over 40. Two women died in childbirth (including the young woman mention above) and were buried with their newborns beside them. Infant mortality rate is around 35%. Mortality rate is 50%. Reasons for these high death rates could be physiological or cultural.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is located in the northern part of the Maglemosen peat bog, and was discovered in 1975 during excavation for the new Vedbæk School. (It should not be confused with the earlier Maglemosian culture, named for a different Maglemose near Slagelse.)</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Gammel Holtegård is used as a location in the films Tre piger fra Jylland (1957) and Soldaterkammerater på efterårsmanøvre (1961).</p><br>
<h2>List of owners</h2><br>
<p>1697 J.B. Clodi</p><br>
<p>1719-1724 W.B. Clodi</p><br>
<p>1724-1735 Rasmus Rasmussen</p><br>
<p>1735-1742 Karen Soelgaard</p><br>
<p>1742-1755 Jørgen Lassen</p><br>
<p>1755-1760 Lauritz de Thurah</p><br>
<p>1760 Chr. Ditlev Reventlow</p><br>
<p>1760-1776 Johan Eilitz</p><br>
<p>1776-1794 Jacob Schnell</p><br>
<p>1794-1799 Adam Gottlob Wiihm</p><br>
<p>1799-1807 Knud Frederik Juel</p><br>
<p>1807-1808 Johannes Mehldahl</p><br>
<p>1808-1816 Mægler J.C.F. Gandil</p><br>
<p>1816-1830 Ritmester Ernst David Recke</p><br>
<p>1830-1834 Johannes Jung</p><br>
<p>1834-1845 Louise Augusta Jung</p><br>
<p>1845-1855 Carl Philip Holm</p><br>
<p>1855-1866 Frantz Peter Hagen</p><br>
<p>1866-1872 Frederik Gottschalck Knuth</p><br>
<p>1872-1882 Lars Trolle</p><br>
<p>1882-1900 Erhardt Kogsbølle</p><br>
<p>1900-1911 Hans Niels Andersen</p><br>
<p>1911-1943 Axel S. Dahl</p><br>
<p>1943-1947 Holger Schrøder</p><br>
<p>1947-1950 Asger Schmidt</p><br>
<p>1950-1973 N.J.H. Suhr</p><br>
<p>1973-1976 Søllerød Golf Club</p><br>
<p>1976-1993 Søllerød Municipality</p><br>
<p>1993- Gl Holtegaard-Breda Fonden</p><br>
<p>Fitznells Manor is the last surviving manor house in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, England. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The property is named after Sir Robert Fitz-Neil whose family held the estate until 1386, but the oldest part of the current building dates back to the house probably built by Sir John Iwardeby in the early 16th century. He built a traditional timber-framed hall house and it is the solar wing of this house that survives.</p><br>
<p>Iwardeby&#39;s original house was probably similar to the “Bayleaf” farmhouse</p><br>
<p>at the Weald and Downland Open Air Museum.</p><br>
<p>In the early 17th century with the rest of the original house either demolished or otherwise destroyed the remaining solar wing was extended to the west by the addition of a structure with the three distinctive gables.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th century a large single-storey kitchen area was added to the north elevation including the large chimney. During the 19th century further single-storey extensions were added to the north and a large two-storey extension to the south with a verandah.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>Fitznells continued to function as a farmhouse well into the 20th century; when bought by S. E. Parkes (Modern Homes & Estates) in 1927 from the Gadesden family the estate still included 125 acre of land, farm buildings and five cottages.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 William Batho purchased the house and its immediate grounds. During the Second World War the house was requisitioned for use as a clothing exchange.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Music Training Centre occupied the house after the war but this closed in the 1950s. In 1959 the house was bought by Anthony Carter and Vivienne Price, who ran the Fitznells School of Music on the ground floor while living in the floor above.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the house was bought by Conifercourt Holdings Ltd for use as their head office. The renovation works they undertook transformed the building to its current appearance.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently used as a doctor’s surgery.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Renovation works were carried out in 1988 including:</p><br>
<p>Removal of the render concealing the timber frame of the 17th-century front to the house</p><br>
<p>Replacement of the Victorian entrance porch</p><br>
<p>Re-opening of the solar that had been sub-divided since the early 17th century</p><br>
<p>Erection of a reproduction Victorian-style verandah to the rear elevation</p><br>
<p>Replacement of a later sash window in the solar with an original-sized window</p><br>
<p>Additional buildings to the south of the main house were added on the site at this time.</p><br>
<p>Lake Thetis is a saline coastal lake in the mid-western region of Western Australia. The lake is situated east of the small town Cervantes, 2 km inland from the Indian Ocean, on a Quaternary limestone pavement.</p><br>
<h2>Stromatolites, algal mats and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is one of only a few places in the world with living marine stromatolites. The Lake Thetis stromatolites exhibit unusual columnar branching. These narrow, closely spaced and almost parallel columns are extremely rare in modern stromatolites.</p><br>
<p>Alongside the stromatolites, a diverse array of benthic microbial communities, such as algal mats, inhabit various layers of the lake. Some of these algal mats are associated with the stromatolites while most confine themselves to a particular area such as the high foreshore areas, splash zone or the central basin of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake water is alkaline and nutrient poor but provides an ideal environment for bottom dwelling microbial communities. The lake contains some small fish, amphiods and a few crustacean species adapted to living in highly saline environments.</p><br>
<p>The stromatolite community is threatened by nutrient enrichment and physical crushing. An interim recovery plan is currently being written which will provide direction to further protect this extremely valuable community for future generations.</p><br>
<h2>Recent development</h2><br>
<p>In March 2008, a new entry road and car park, as well as walkways on the shore of the lake were constructed. Additionally, a disused rubbish pit on the northern side of the lake is being rehabilitated and this has eliminated threats associated with rubbish disposal.</p><br>
<p>Clagett Butte el. 8,041 ft is a mountain peak butte in the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park. Clagett Butte is an isolated summit 1.9 mi west of Mammoth Hot Springs between Clematis Creek and Snow Pass. The Snow Pass trail passes approximately.33 mi south of the butte.</p><br>
<p>Clagett Butte was named in 1926 by park photographer Jack Ellis Haynes and then superintendent Horace Albright to honor William H. Clagett (1838–1901), the Montana Territorial Delegate who put forth the Act of Dedication bill in Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Prior to 1926, the butte had several different names. In 1885, park guide G. L. Henderson called it Temple Mountain. That was the accepted local name for many years. In 1887, members of the Arnold Hague geological survey called it Sentinel Butte and later in 1897, Signal Butte but these names never became official.</p><br>
<p>The Anchorage is a historical home in the Harmar neighborhood of Marietta, Ohio, United States. Also known as the Putnam Villa, it was built in 1859 by Douglas Putnam for his wife Eliza. Douglas was the great grandson of General Israel Putnam. Douglas&#39; brother, David Putnam, Jr. was the leading abolitionist in Marietta. David was said to frequent the home, leading to the belief the home was used as part of the Underground Railroad although no evidence has been uncovered. While I was an employee of the Nursing Home , some of us went down in the basement to verify the stories about the underground railway. There were great tunnels which were said to lead to the Muskingum River. One was cemented over, but, in the middle of the night, you would see giant river rats sitting on the stairs or scampering across the floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, the Knox family bought the house from the Putnams. The Knox family was involved in boat building and gave the home the name of The Anchorage. From 1960 to 1986 the house was a nursing home. Since 1996, the home has been owned by the Washington County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Wickiup Reservoir is the second-largest reservoir in the USA state of Oregon. It is located 60 mi southwest of Bend, and is the largest of the Cascade Lakes. Wickiup Reservoir is close to the Twin Lakes, Davis Lake, Crane Prairie Reservoir, Cultus Lake, and Little Cultus Lake. The reservoir is located within the Deschutes National Forest and the Fort Rock Ranger District, near the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<p>Like nearby Crane Prairie Reservoir, Wickiup Reservoir was created by damming of the Deschutes River. The Wickiup Dam was built in 1949 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation for the "Deschutes Project" and "Pringle Falls Experimental Forest", which is used for education and research. Other nearby dams include the Crane Prairie Dam and the Haystack Dam. Wickiup Reservoir&#39;s earthen dam is 2.6 mi long. The Deschutes River, which originates at Little Lava Lake, is an inflow and an outflow of Wickiup Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The average depth of the reservoir is 20 ft, with depths up to 70 ft in channels. Because of this, fishing is very popular in the lake, especially for brown trout. Wickiup Reservoir is dubbed as the best lake for brown trout fishing in the state. The trout average between 5 and, but some reach over 20 lb.</p><br>
<p>According to the United States Forest Service, Wickiup Reservoir is one of Central Oregon&#39;s best wildlife viewing areas. Some of the nature that thrives in the area include waterfowl, shorebirds, hoofed mammals, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine.</p><br>
<p>Also at Wickiup Reservoir are several recreation options. There are six campgrounds on site, all of which include a boat ramp, toilets and water.</p><br>
<p>On August 12, 2009, the Oregon Department of Human Services issued a health advisory due to a large algae bloom. They mentioned that "drinking water from Wickiup Reservoir was dangerous, even if boiled or treated" and that anyone who relies on the water from the lake should find an alternate source.</p><br>
<p>Col du Grand Colombier  is a mountain pass in the Jura mountains in France.</p><br>
<p>This pass lies at the southern extremity of the Jura in the massif of the Grand Colombier. With the Col du Chasseral, it is the highest road pass in the Jura. It passes between the Grand Colombier (el. 1,531 m) and the Croix du Colombier (1,525 m), which is accessible by trail from the pass.</p><br>
<p>The view from the summit is superb, either down the valley of the Rhône, the Lac du Bourget and the gorges of Val-de-Fier, or the distant peaks of the Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Cycle racing</h2><br>
<p>It is one of the most difficult passes in France, with stretches in excess of 20% on the climb from Artemare via Virieu-le-Petit on the Bugey (western) side. The pass has seen frequent use in cycling, being a regular feature of the Tour de lAin and also used in the Critérium du Dauphiné and Tour de lAvenir.</p><br>
<p>From Culoz (south), the ascent is 18.3 km long gaining 1,255 m in height at an average percentage of 6.9%, but with some sections at 12%. This climb is the direction used on Stage 5 of the 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné and Stage 10 of the 2012 Tour de France.</p><br>
<p>The Col can also be reached from Anglefort (east), from where it is 15.2 km long climbing 1,205 m at an average of 7.9%.</p><br>
<h3>Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>It was visited by the Tour de France for the first time on Stage 10 of the 2012 tour as a Hors Catégorie climb. The leader over the summit was Thomas Voeckler, who went on to take the stage victory in Bellegarde-sur-Valserine.</p><br>
<p>Star Gazers Stone located on Star Gazers Farm near Embreeville, Pennsylvania, USA, marks the site of a temporary observatory established in January 1764 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon which they used in their survey of the Mason-Dixon line. The stone was placed by Mason and Dixon about 700 ft north of the Harlan House, which was used as a base of operations by Mason and Dixon through the four-and-a-half-year-long survey. Selected to be about 31 mi west of the then southernmost point in Philadelphia, the observatory was used to determine the precise latitude of its location. The latitude of the Maryland-Pennsylvania border was then set to be 15 mi south of the point in Philadelphia. The farm, including the house and stone, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Built c. 1724 near the forks of the Brandywine, the Harlan House was enlarged c.1758, and is likely the first house built in Newlin Township. The Harlan family lived in the house until 1956, and carefully preserved the location of the stone through the generations.</p><br>
<h2>The observatory</h2><br>
<p>Mason and Dixons survey was the final step in the resolution of a border dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland that lasted over 80 years. From 1730-1738 a violent border conflict, known as Cresaps War, was fought between Pennsylvania and Maryland. In 1760 the Crown intervened, defining the border as the line of latitude 15 mi south of the southernmost house in Philadelphia. The proprietors of the colonies, the Penns and Calverts, then commissioned Mason and Dixon to survey the newly established boundary.</p><br>
<p>Mason and Dixon used the finest instruments of their day in the survey, including a type of telescope, the zenith sector built by John Bird, used for measuring latitude and an "equal altitude and transit" instrument for sighting survey lines, as well as a less accurate quadrant for faster rough estimates of latitude, and a chronometer built by John Harrison, used for measuring longitude. Though Harrisons chronometers later became the standard instrument for measuring longitude, the surveyors job was mainly to measure latitude, and Mason preferred the method of lunar distance of measuring longitude to the new method.</p><br>
<p>On December 9, 1763 soon after arriving in Philadelphia, the surveyors received their instructions from the joint border commission:</p><br>
<p>The first instruction was completed by January 6, 1764 by constructing an observatory near the Huddle-Plumstead House on Cedar Street (now named South Street) in Philadelphia, and measuring the angle of the zenith of eight stars. Rather than measure 15 mi directly south of Philadelphia to start the survey, a westward move was needed to avoid crossing the wide Delaware River twice, and to avoid beginning the survey of the Pennsylvania-Maryland border in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The surveyors fulfilled the second instruction by January 13, as recorded in their journal:</p><br>
<p>The new site of the observatory was near marks that had been made by surveyors from New Jersey in 1730 and 1736.</p><br>
<p>By February 28 Mason and Dixon had determined the latitude at Star Gazers Stone by observing the eight stars. After making adjustments for the distance their observatory was south of Philadelphia, Mason and Dixon measured 15 mi south to a point in Delaware by April 21. In the first mile measuring south from their observatory they crossed Brandywine Creek three times. They moved the observatory to this point where they measured the latitude again and remeasured back to the Star Gazers Stone. In May and June they again measured the latitude at Star Gazers Stone. The southern point was named the "Post markd west" and the Maryland-Pennsylvania border was, after a delay, measured straight west from there.</p><br>
<p>Mason and Dixon returned to the house many times during the four and one-half years of the survey, often spending the winters there. On January 1, 1767, Mason recorded a temperature of minus 22 degrees Fahrenheit at the farm. They returned to the observatory when they started the new task of measuring the distance of a degree of latitude in miles. They were reputed to be heavy drinkers, and local lore says that a nearby tributary of the Brandywine, Punch Run Creek, was named to commemorate their drinking. At the end of the survey, the Harlan house was one of the last places they visited before returning to Britain via Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h2>The Harlan house and farm</h2><br>
<p>Brothers George and Michael Harlan were Quakers who were born in Durham, England and immigrated to Pennsylvania about 1687 from County Down, Ireland. Michaels son George Harlan built the house in the forks of the Brandywine c.1724. In that year the Free Society of Traders sold 7,000 acre to Nathaniel Newlin, which became Newlin Township in Chester County. Newlin immediately sold some of the land, including 169 acre in the forks of Brandywine Creek sold to George Harlan. A son, Joel, was born to George and Mary Harlan in 1724 in Newlin Township, presumably in their new house. The house was probably the first in the township. Tax assessments in the township were first made in 1739, and until 1760, Joels older brother John Harlan paid the taxes on the house and farm. Sometime between 1758 and 1760 Joel returned to Newlin Township after living in other locations in Chester County, took ownership of the farm and built an addition to the house. Both Johns and Joels families apparently lived in the same house, but Mason and Dixon&#39;s Journal always refers to the "John Harland farm" or simply the "Harland farm." John Harlan died by drowning in the Brandywine in 1768.</p><br>
<p>The original house is two stories measuring 25 ft by 16 ft, constructed of stone. The c.1758 addition was also constructed of stone and measures 25 ft by 13 ft. A small frame addition was built in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The Harlan family lived on site until they sold the property in 1956. In 1908 the Chester County Historical Society dug up the Star Gazers Stone, set it in concrete, built a low stone wall around it, and placed a plaque on the new wall. At the dedication, Henry K. Harlan said that each generation of the family was taught that the Star Gazers Stone had an important place in American history and that they should not move the stone., the region&#39;s foremost land conservation organization, now owns the stone as part of its ChesLen Preserve, which is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Harlan, son of the immigrant George Harlan, built a log cabin known as the Harlan Log House about 1715, about 12 mi south in Kennett Township which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Evans County Courthouse is a historic government building and clock tower located in the city of Claxton, Georgia, United States, the seat of Evans County. The courthouse was built in 1923 and is the home of Evans Countys Superior Court and the base of the countys government. On September 18, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evans County was created in 1914, first by a proposed constitutional amendment in the Georgia General Assembly on August 11 and then officially ratified by a vote of the citizens of Georgia on November 23. With the creation of the new county a courthouse was needed. The first building used as such was the White Building, a three-story edifice built by Mr. R. King White and later bought by Mrs. Ben Daniel. Mrs. Daniel&#39;s husband, Dr. Ben Daniel, used the building as his office. This building was used until 1923, when the current courthouse was completed. The work was done by J.J. Baldwin and West Point Iron Works for $60,000 dollars. On December 28, 1994 the American Legion erected a monument to those men from the county who died in various wars, beginning with World War I and ending with the Vietnam war. The interior to the courthouse was remodeled in 1979 and 1980 and, in 2003, the bell tower clock was restored.</p><br>
<p>The Emile Brunel Sculpture Garden and Studio, also known as the Totem Indian Trading Post, Le Chalet Indien, and Brunel Park, is located on Da Silva Road, just off the NY 28 state highway, in Boiceville, Town of Olive, New York, United States. It consists of seven sculptures and three buildings.</p><br>
<p>Brunel was a French immigrant and artist who had become fascinated by the Native American tribes of the West during his travels there in the early 20th century. After a successful career as a photographer he bought a tract of land in the Catskills and built a studio residence and a resort on it, decorated with sculptures inspired by the Native American art he had seen. The resort closed and the statues were relocated soon thereafter when Route 28 was widened through it at the end of World War II, but the sculpture garden remained a popular roadside attraction afterwards.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 Brunel began construction of a studio residence on the site in the "neo-rustic" or French Arts and Craft style. His wife and daughter (both named Gladyse) kept the sculpture garden maintained after his death in 1944, operating a nearby souvenir shop until 1985. The artist&#39;s home and studio remain intact, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The studio and sculpture garden are located on a 1.3 acre lot at the intersection of Da Silva and Route 28, approximately a half-mile (1 km) south of the small hamlet of Boiceville. The area is primarily wooded, with the land generally sloping westward towards Esopus Creek. There are some other houses on the former resort property uphill and to the east, and along Route 28 to the south. The land across the highway is undeveloped since it is owned by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection as a buffer for Ashokan Reservoir to the south.</p><br>
<p>There are nine resources on the property. Seven (the sculptures and totem poles) are art objects and three are buildings: the studio, a shed and a log cabin fronting on Da Silva. The latter was built in 1960 to serve as a souvenir store and is thus not old enough to be considered a contributing resource to the National Register listing.</p><br>
<h3>Studio</h3><br>
<p>The studio, on the west side of Da Silva, is a two-story frame building with exposed basement, sided in rough stucco with carved reliefs of Native American scenes and a profile of Brunel and his wife with the legend "Le don de Dieu" (French for "the gift of God"). Its gabled roof, with broad overhanging eaves, is pierced on the south (front) by two gabled dormer windows. Fenestration is irregular and asymmetrical.</p><br>
<p>Inside it has a garage and storage room on the first story, a living room, kitchen and dining room on the second, and bedrooms in the attic. The first floor fireplace has a stucco surround with carvings of large birds, and birds are also painted on the windows. Finishes of fiberboard sheathing, simple moldings, beamed ceilings and built-in cabinetry are original.</p><br>
<h3>Sculpture garden</h3><br>
<p>A short path west of the house climbs a gentle rise a short distance to the sculpture garden. It is dominated by three large sculptures created by shaped wire mesh filled with rocks and then covered in concrete. On the south of the garden is the 30-foot–tall (10 m) Moon Haw Haw, a male figure with a single feather at the rear of his head looking skwyards towards the Burroughs Range to the west with both arms outstretched, palms facing upwards. It is complemented by Natache, a similarly attired seated female figure with one hand held aloft. On her back is a child in a papoose.</p><br>
<p>The third sculpture, The Great White Spirit, is located in the north corner. It is a tree with spreading roots, of the same height as Moon Haw Haw. At its top are four faces representing Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. They are complemented by four faces at the base, representing the vices of jealousy, greed, hate and lust. Alternatively the four faces at the base represent the anti-thesis of those on top: Jesus and Satan; Moses and Pharaoh; Bhudda and Mara, the king of Demons; and Mohammed and Bacchus, the god of wine. The work was Brunel&#39;s last and also serves as his monument, as his ashes are interred within it.</p><br>
<p>There are also two large totem poles made by the same method. A third which collapsed and was partially buried was resurrected in 2002. Smaller sculptures, including a nesting pelican and seated chief, which serves as a bbq chimney are also located around the garden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A native of Châteauneuf, Brunel came to the USA in 1904 at the age of 30. He set out for the West, where for several years he made a living as an itinerant painter, focusing on scenes of the vanishing frontier life and painting signs and broadsides for traveling circuses and whiskey makers. Shortly after his arrival he met his future wife, Gladyse McCloud, a 14-year-old girl working as a caricaturist at one of the circuses. He promised to return for her when he had become successful.</p><br>
<p>He began turning to photography, using newer camera equipment and finding Native Americans a major subject. His photographs began to sell, and he returned to New York. There he became involved with the early film industry, where he met and later worked for Cecil B. DeMille. He produced and directed a film, The Hand of God, founded the New York Institute of Photography and perfected one-hour film processing, an advance which allowed dailies to become part of the filmmaking process.</p><br>
<p>Building on this, he established himself as a photojournalist for the New York Times Magazine, and started a chain of photo studios in the upscale commercial districts in Manhattan, including studios in Tiffany&#39;s and Bloomingdales. He had achieved success, and called for Gladyse, still not yet out of her teens. She returned, and the couple married.</p><br>
<p>His success allowed him to start purchasing the land around an existing hotel in the Catskills in 1918. Eventually he acquired 77 acre around the current property, which became the Chalet Indien resort. He added tennis and croquet courts, bridle paths, and what local lore claims was the first Olympic-size swimming pool in Ulster County.</p><br>
<p>The resort was very successful, with many celebrity guests, due to its location on Route 28s C-shaped course up through the Catskills into the Adirondacks, in an era when auto touring was just beginning. During WWII it was a choice vacation spot among New Yorks European cultural elite. It was listed as the summer time residence of Broadway producer Harold Prince, father and son abstract painters Max and Jimmy Ernst, the Austrian composer Karol Rathaus, and the architect Frederick John Kiesler. Jimmy Ernst painted one of his very first murals for the Hotels parlor. Edward the VII and Mrs. Simpson also were known to be frequent guests as were Enrico Caruso and George M. Cohan. Brunel also counted the Roosevelt&#39;s amongst his many friends. Eleanor Roosevelt once wrote to him: "I have long since ceased caring about what other people may think."</p><br>
<p>Brunel exhibited Native art and artifacts he had collected out west along with his own sculptures that he had started making in the years after he had bought the land. In 1929 he built a home and studio in an Arts and Crafts style evoking the farmhouses of his native France. It was an unusual house for the area, where most older houses reflect Dutch and English building traditions</p><br>
<p>Chalet Indien continued to prosper over the next two decades. In 1944, two events led to its demise. The state announced plans to reroute Route 28 in a way that compromised the future of the resort, and Brunel died. Before World War II ended the following year, it would close.</p><br>
<p>Gladyse and the Brunels&#39; daughter continued to operate the trading post on the property, selling goods manufactured by local tribes. They sold off parcels of the resort and consolidated the sculptures in their present garden and built the log cabin for the store around 1960, nine years after Gladyse died. Her daughter continued to run the store until her death in 1985; after that, her own daughter kept it going for another ten years before selling it. It closed around the end of the 20th century. In 1997 the property was sold to the current owners who have been preserving the home and restoring the gardens in keeping with the original style, spirit and unrealized plans for both.</p><br>
<p>Castle Hotel is in High Street, opposite to the entrance to Llewelyn Street, in Conwy, Wales. It is designated by Cadw as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel stands on the site of a former Cistercian abbey. Until the 1880s it was occupied by a public house, the King&#39;s Head, dating from the 15th century, and the Castle Hotel. In 1885 the building was completely remodelled by the Chester firm of architects Douglas and Fordham. The whole building was developed into a hotel, and a new section was added. The hotel has been visited by a number of well-known guests, including Thomas Telford, William Wordsworth, and the Queen of Romania, who lunched in the restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Seen from High Street, the hotel is in three sections, each of which has three storeys. To the left is a single-bay section, the former public house; the central section, developed from the older hotel, has four bays; and the section to the right, added in 1885, has three bays. The whole building is in Renaissance style. When Douglas and Fordham remodelled the building, they used small broken pieces of limestone as a facing material, giving the frontage a flint-like appearance. The dressings of the windows are in brick and terracotta. The central bay is in red ashlar sandstone and the roof is tiled.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>For many years the hotel was run by companies based in London. Since 200 it has been in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>The Block U is a large concrete hillside letter on Mount Van Cott in Salt Lake City, Utah. The stylized "U" is a logo of the University of Utah and is located just north of the university’s campus. It is one of the earliest hillside letters. It sits at 1600 meters  above sea level. Lights outlining the Block U flash when athletic teams from the University of Utah win and burn steady when they are defeated.</p><br>
<p>The official name is the “Block U” and is a registered trademark of the University of Utah.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Block U begins at the turn of the twentieth century. Each year, as an unofficial activity, students of the University of Utah would climb “The Hill” (Mount Van Cott) and paint their class year on the mountainside. The administration felt that something more permanent was needed. In 1907 the block U was built with limestone. The U is over 30 meters (100 feet) tall and has a surface area of over 455 square meters (5,000 square feet). It can be seen from many different areas of the Salt Lake Valley. It was later modified in 1967 to include 124 lights. By 2001 the Block U had fallen into a constant state of disrepair. Despite several attempted maintenance by students it was not sustainable without a more thorough renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 2006, the University of Utah completed a $400,000 restoration project known as "Renew the U". Sue Christensen, a University of Utah alumnus, initiated the restoration project. These improvements include:</p><br>
<p>New lights that are now controlled through a wireless link. The controls are located in the Merrill Engineering building.</p><br>
<p>Two hundred and forty flush-mounted light fixtures that will alternate red and white.</p><br>
<p>A dimmer feature that allows lights to flash at higher or lower intensities.</p><br>
<p>A diversion barrier above the structure and a drainage system to aide runoff and stop erosion.</p><br>
<p>After the renovation, an official lighting ceremony was held on October 5, 2006 during the half time of the football game between Utah and TCU at Rice-Eccles Stadium.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Block U</h2><br>
<p>The Block U has a physical address of 1635 New Bedford Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103. The official trailhead is located at the end of Tomahawk Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103.</p><br>
<p>Broadfield House is a 19th-century villa-style house in the Broadfield neighbourhood of Crawley, a town and borough in West Sussex, England. Built in 1830 on the extensive land of the Tilgate Estate south of the small market town of Crawley, it was extended later in the 19th century and converted into a country club. After World War II, Crawley was designated a New Town and had to prepare for rapid, strictly planned growth. Broadfield House was chosen as the headquarters of the Crawley Development Corporation, and became the base where all the decisions that shaped Crawley&#39;s future were made. The house, which is still set in parkland, was refurbished and converted for use by Discovery School in 2011. It has been listed at Grade II by English Heritage for its architectural and historical importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the early 19th century, the market town of Crawley—founded six centuries earlier on the ancient London–Brighton road, about halfway between the two places—was thriving as a centre of population and commerce. The conversion of the road to a turnpike in the late 18th century had made both London and the fashionable seaside resort of Brighton much more accessible, and Crawley was the natural stopping-off point during the journey. Rich families and gentry who needed easy access to London began building estates and mansions in the Crawley area. One of the largest was the Tilgate Estate, which covered 2,185 acre of woodland and open land south of Crawley around the Brighton Road.</p><br>
<p>The main building on the estate was Tilgate Mansion, demolished in the 1950s, but in 1830 a villa-style house was built in the grounds just west of the Brighton Road. In the 1860s, another wing was added on the west side to provide a hall with a gallery. as Crawley developed into a slowly growing, prosperous small town.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, as soon as World War II ended, government ministers and regional planning committees began to address the problem of London-centric living and employment. London was considered to be overcrowded and affected by slum development, made worse by extensive wartime damage. New Towns—planned, self-contained communities on sites in southeast England with plenty of room for expansion—were proposed. The Ministry of Town and Country Planning&#39;s southeast office reported that the Crawley area had suffered haphazard, poorly planned development since the estates were divided up and sold off in the early 20th century, and would therefore be an appropriate candidate for properly planned high-density development. a preliminary planning committee was set up in September of that year, the New Towns Act 1946 was passed shortly afterwards to give the government authority to carry out the planning and building of New Towns, a 6,000 acre area around Crawley was legally defined in January 1947, and the Crawley Development Corporation was established in February 1947. Architect Sir Thomas Bennett was appointed chairman of the committee of financial officers, engineers, technicians, surveyors and other professionals.</p><br>
<p>The Development Corporation needed somewhere to work from. They did not want to build new offices; instead they waited for suitable premises to come up for sale in Crawley. For the first few months, they used temporary offices in London; but at the end of 1947, Broadfield House (still in use until then as a country club) was closed down and put up for sale. On 23 August 1948, the building reopened as the official headquarters of Crawley Development Corporation, which at that time had 90 employees. More buildings were constructed in the grounds, to house architects and engineers; Crawley-based building firm James Longley & Co. started work on the extension in March 1949 and finished a few months later.</p><br>
<p>Crawley Development Corporation was dissolved in 1964. It had successfully developed nine residential neighbourhoods, shopping and civic space and an industrial estate and increased Crawley&#39;s population from about 9,000 to 59,000 in 17 years. Broadfield House was converted into offices for Crawley Urban District Council, the local authority created in 1956 to govern the town. (This became Crawley Borough Council when the borough was incorporated in 1974.) The radio station later relocated to offices on the Manor Royal industrial estate, and by 2008 the building was mostly vacant. At that time a planning application was lodged with Crawley Borough Council to convert the building into 12 flats. Permission was granted a few months later, however the development did not proceed. Broadfield House was restored in 2011, and was purchased and converted for use by Discovery New School at a cost of £1.9 million. Funding for the refurbishment of Broadfield House included grants from central government.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery New School</h2><br>
<p>Discovery New School was a Montessori free school which opened in September 2011 at Broadfield House. It was one of the first free schools to open in England.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Broadfield House stands in Broadfield Park, a nature reserve with lakes and landscaped gardens. It is a stuccoed, bow-fronted building with two storeys. The Welsh slate roof has prominent eaves. A verandah supported on columns runs around the east and north sides and faces the lake in the park. The entrance is on the north face, but the main façade is on the east side, fronting a driveway leading to the Brighton Road. The 1860s single-storey extension is on the west side, and has three bays with round-arched windows. The north side also has three bays. Most windows in all parts of the building are jalousies.</p><br>
<p>The Julie Rogers Theater is a historic performing arts theater located on Pearl Street in downtown Beaumont, Texas. Built in 1928, the theater was once Beaumont&#39;s City Hall and Auditorium. The capacity is approximately 1700 seats.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 1982 when it was re-purposed from the city hall and auditorium combination to a theater for the performing arts. The theater was renovated again in 2007. The theater now features continental seating (no center aisle). Seating includes 1,253 seats in orchestra seating, 144 seats in loge seating, and 266 seats in balcony seating.</p><br>
<h2>Performances</h2><br>
<p>This facility is home to the Symphony of Southeast Texas, and hosts performances of the Beaumont Civic Opera, the Beaumont Civic Ballet and the Beaumont Ballet Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel Pratt Historic District is a historic district that includes 140 acre and 154 buildings in Prattville, Alabama. It is named in honor of Prattville&#39;s founder, Daniel Pratt. The district includes the historic downtown and is roughly bounded by 6th Street in the north, Northington Street in the east, 1st Street in the south, and Bridge and Court streets in the west. Architecture in the district includes the Greek Revival, Italianate, and Bungalow styles. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 30, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the Autauga County Courthouse. It also includes the site of the Daniel Pratt House, which was demolished in 1960 to make way for the expansion of the successor to the Pratt industrial complex.</p><br>
<p>The Brierfield Furnace, also known as the Bibb Naval Furnace and Brierfield Ironworks, is a historic district in Brierfield, Alabama. The district covers 486 acre and includes one building and nine sites. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brierfield Furnace site was developed in 1861 by Caswell Campbell Huckabee, a Greensboro planter, and Jonathan Newton Smith, a Bibb County planter, on land purchased from Jesse Mahan near the Little Cahaba River, a tributary of the Cahaba. The endeavor was initially known as the Bibb County Iron Company, with Huckabee providing most of the capital and slave labor for construction. Richard Fell was employed to build a 36 ft stone blast furnace and, in 1862, a rolling mill. The company produced cast iron initially, but soon changed over to the more lucrative production of wrought iron. The iron was used to produce farm implements.</p><br>
<p>Recognizing the high quality of iron produced at Brierfield, Confederate officials forced the men to sell the ironworks to the government for $600,000 in 1863, renaming it the Bibb Naval Furnace. A new 40 ft brick furnace was built and a railroad line was constructed to connect the furnace to the mainline of the Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad. The output of the ironworks was then shipped to the Confederate arsenal at Selma. By 1864, the furnace was producing 25 tons of iron per day, much of which went into producing over 100 Brooke rifles ( a type of naval and coastal cannon), one of the Souths most important weapons, at Selma. This all ended on March 31, 1865, when the Bibb Naval Furnace was destroyed by the 10th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry during Wilsons Raid.</p><br>
<p>Following the war, the operation was rebuilt under the private ownership of the Canebrake Company. The new company, formed by former Confederates Josiah Gorgas and Francis Strother Lyon, purchased the ironworks site from the Federal government for $45,000 in January 1866. They had the site back in production by November 2, 1866. In January 1867, Lyon turned the deed over to Gorgas, who became president of the newly formed Brierfield Ironworks. Gorgas leased the ironworks to Thomas S. Alvis on August 2, 1869. He ran the works until forced to close due to economic conditions following the Panic of 1873.</p><br>
<p>The facilities were purchased and reactivated by William D. and Kearsley Carter, of Louisville, Kentucky, in 1877. By 1882, the operation was under the management of Thomas Jefferson Peter, of Kansas. Peter had the furnace rebuilt and remodeled the rolling mill. He also had a nailery, coke ovens, and a washer built. However, at least partially due to the competition from cut-wire nails out of Pittsburgh, the ironworks finally closed for good in December 1894.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the closure the site lay abandoned. During the World War II era thousands of bricks were scavenged from the site. In 1976, the Bibb County Commission created a park containing 45 acre at the urging of the Bibb County Historical Society. This initial effort has evolved over the years into what is now the Brierfield Ironworks Historical State Park.</p><br>
<h2>The modern park</h2><br>
<p>The structures and sites that contribute to the National Register of Historic Places listing include the ruinous brick furnace (c. 1860s, 1880s), the tramway bed from the railroad (c. 1860s), the brick foundations of the rolling mill (c. 1862, 1880s), the nailery foundations (c. 1880s), coke ovens (c. 1880s), cemetery (c. 1850s), and the superintendent&#39;s house (c. 1870s).</p><br>
<p>Several other structures have been moved to the park from other nearby locations. They include the Ashby Post Office (c. 1900), Brierfield Ironworks Park Office (1894), Wilson Hayes House (c. 1900), J. Henry Jones General Store (c. 1900), Lightsey Cabin (1840), Sims-Hubbard Log Cabin (c. 1850), Billy Mitchell Cabin (1880s), and Mulberry Baptist Church (1897). The park also features the additional attractions of an outdoor amphitheater, hiking and nature trails, campsites, and a swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>The Central Diner, now called The Elmwood Diner and formerly or also known as Liberty Elm Diner, Jenn&#39;s Elmwood Diner, Ole Elmwood Diner, Liberty Elm Diner, or Worcester Lunch Car Company Diner #806, is a historic diner at 777 Elmwood Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The diner was built in 1947 by the Worcester Lunch Car Company as #806. It is a single story prefabricated structure, 106" wide and 40 long. At the ends of the diner the barrel roof has an overhang of three feet. There are entries at the north end (one of the original entrances) and in a projecting stainless steel vestibule on the eastern facade. The original southern entry is obscured by the cinderblock wall of the kitchen addition which projects to the diner&#39;s rear. The interior is well-preserved, with little alteration since its construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The diner was first located at West Gaspee and Exchange Streets, a site which housed businesses known as the "Central Diner" since at least 1932. It was moved to its present location in 1953 or 1954, retaining the name. It is one of four Worcester Lunch Car Company diners (out of what was once a much larger number) still operating in Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The diner went through a number of names and owners over its lifetime. A cinderblock kitchen was added in 1953, after it was moved to Elmwood Avenue. A stainless steel vestibule at the front was added some time between 1956 and the 1970s. Wooden siding was added sometime between 1995 and 2002.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 13, 2010. On February 22, 2010, the diner made an appearance on the Guy Fieri television program “Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives”.</p><br>
<p>The diner operated as the Liberty Elm Diner from 2006 to 2013. It was sold in May 2013 and re-opened as Elmwood Diner in April 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Carbaugh Run Rhyolite Quarry Site is an archaeological site in Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is composed of two smaller sites: a group of small quarries on top of Snaggy Ridge, and the remnants of what may have been a campsite along Carbaugh Run below the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Since their discovery by Norman Keefer in the 1920s, the quarries have been examined informally by a wide range of archaeologists, but no formal study of the site has been conducted. Several other prehistoric quarries are located in the area; it is one of three known quarries along South Mountain alone. The site has been rated as one of Pennsylvania&#39;s leading rhyolite quarries: with forty or more pits, it is one of the largest rhyolite quarry sites in the state. It is believed that the stone still present at the site can be used to determine the origins of rhyolite found in other sites statewide, thus providing clues about trade networks during the period that the quarries were worked. Also significant is the potential connection between the quarries and the streamside site, which may reveal evidence of settlement patterns in the region.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the Carbaugh Run Rhyolite Quarry Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its archaeological significance.</p><br>
<p>The John Chambers House is an originally residential building located at 90 North State Street in St. Ignace, Michigan. The house is currently operated as the Colonial House Inn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Chambers Sr. was born in Ireland in 1801, and emigrated from Ireland to Philadelphia in 1846. He moved from Philadelphia to Illinois, and then in 1849 to Mackinac Island where he was joined by his wife and children.</p><br>
<p>John Chambers had eight children; three of his sons, John Jr., Michael, and Patrick, opened a prosperous general store in St. Ignace in 1870 under the name "Chambers Brothers." The three pooled their money and invested heavily in local real estate, including the first dock built in the city. John Jr. died in 1891, but the other two Chambers continued a prosperous business, opening branch stores in other towns.</p><br>
<p>Michael Chambers, born in 1850, was particularly prominent. He also served on he Board of Michigan Technological University, then the Michigan School of Mines. Patrick Chambers also entered politics at a local level, serving as Supervisor of Ignace Township and County Treasurer in the 1870s and 80s.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, Michael and Patrick built a Colonial Revival front section onto their family home. the house stayed in the family until 1945, when it was sold to a retired ship captain, who used it as an inn from 1947 to 1978. The inn was renovated in 1978-1981, and reopened that year. As of 2010, the house is used as the Colonial House Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The older section of the Chambers House is located in the rear; it is a two-story, hipped-roof structure sitting on a rubble foundation. The front addition is three stories, covered with yellow fish-scale shingles and clapboards. A two-story entrance portico is supported by Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The Sommerheim Park Archaeological District includes a group of six archaeological sites west of Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. The sites are in Sommerheim Park, one of the few undeveloped areas of the Lake Erie shoreline, in Millcreek Township. This district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and along the southern shoreline of Lake Erie, due to the amount of artifacts and the lack of disturbance on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Discoveries</h2><br>
<p>Excavations revealed artifacts across a wide area of the park, including in the north where there are former farmlands and in dense woods along the park&#39;s eastern edge. The artifacts uncovered represent a wide range of archaeological cultures. Digs at six sites have found evidence from the entire Archaic period (roughly 8,000BCE to 1,000BCE) and the Early and Middle Woodland period (roughly 1,000BCE to 500CE). Artifacts include an especially dense concentration of Late Archaic remnants as well as a nineteenth-century dump created after European settlement. Various stone tools and evidence of Late Archaic houses have been found, indicating that the area may have been occupied seasonally by a fishing and hunting people.</p><br>
<p>Although the findings have been largely limited to the tops of the area&#39;s bluffs, scholars believe that the edges of the bluffs may yield evidence of prehistoric cemeteries. The district is significant because few seasonal campsites from before the Late Woodland period have been discovered along Lake Erie.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Local archaeologist C. Frederick Sanfords discovery of Plano points in Sommerheim Park in 1975 led to the first recognition of the area as a possible archaeological site. Students at Eries Gannon University investigated the park under the leadership of a university archaeologist in the summer of that year, beginning a program of annual field schools that continued through the rest of the 1970s. These excavations yielded little evidence of disturbance at the sites, adding to their significance. While some parts of the bluffs had been cultivated after European settlement of the area, the damage was limited to the shallow upper layers of earth that could be cultivated with horse-drawn plows. The district&#39;s location on a lake bluff is likely to be the reason that it has survived; many similar sites likely once existed along nearby beaches and ridges, but they have likely been destroyed by the expansion of Erie and its suburbs and by quarrying for sand and gravel.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Well-preserved Native American archaeological sites are a rarity in the Lake Erie plain. The amount of information found at the Sommerheim Park sites makes them one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and the southern shoreline of Lake Erie. In recognition of their significance, the sites were designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. No other Native American village sites northwest of Pittsburgh are listed on the Register, and the only other prehistoric site on the Register in northwestern Pennsylvania is Indian God Rock, a petroglyph in Venango County.</p><br>
<p>This timeline of volcanism on Earth is a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index  or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission around the Quaternary period.</p><br>
<p>Some cooled the global climate; the extent of this effect depends on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted. The topic in the background is an overview of the VEI and sulfur dioxide emission/ Volcanic winter relationship. Before the Holocene epoch, the criteria are less strict because of scarce data availability, partly since later eruptions have destroyed the evidence. So, the known large eruptions after the Paleogene period are listed, and especially those relating to the Yellowstone hotspot, the Santorini, and the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Only some eruptions before the Neogene period are listed.</p><br>
<p>Active volcanoes such as Stromboli, Mount Etna and Kilauea do not appear on this list, but some back-arc basin volcanoes that generated calderas do appear. Some dangerous volcanoes in "populated areas" appear many times: so Santorini, six times and Yellowstone hotspot, twenty-one times. The Bismarck volcanic arc, New Britain, and the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, appear often too.</p><br>
<p>To keep the list manageable, the eruptions in the Holocene on the link: are not included, but they are listed in Peter L. Ward&#39;s supplemental table.</p><br>
<h2>Large Quaternary eruptions</h2><br>
<p>The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP (10,000 C years ago).</p><br>
<h3>Since 1000 AD</h3><br>
<p>Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 1991, June 15; VEI 6; 6 to 16 km3 of tephra; an estimated 20,000,000 t of were emitted</p><br>
<p>Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula; 1912, June 6; VEI 6; 13 to 15 km3 of lava</p><br>
<p>Santa Maria, Guatemala; 1902, October 24; VEI 6; 20 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Krakatoa, Indonesia; 1883, August 26–27; VEI 6; 21 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 1815, Apr 10; VEI 7; 150 km3 of tephra; an estimated 200,000,000 t of were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer"</p><br>
<p>The "Mysterious 1810 Event" VEI 6-7; discovered from ice cores in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland; 1783–1785; Laki; 1783–1784; VEI 6; 14 km3 of lava, an estimated 120,000,000 t of were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.</p><br>
<p>Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; 1660 ±20; VEI 6; 30 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece; 1650, September 27; VEI 5; 2 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Huaynaputina, Peru; 1600, February 19; VEI 6; 30 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea; 1580 ±20; VEI 6; 14 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>Bárðarbunga, Northeastern Iceland; 1477; VEI 6; 10 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>1452-53 New Hebrides arc, Vanuatu; the location of this eruption in the South Pacific is uncertain, as it has been identified from distant ice core records; the only pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae; 36 to 96 km3 of tephra; 175,000,000 - of sulfuric acid</p><br>
<p>Quilotoa, Ecuador; 1280(?); VEI 6; 21 km3 of tephra</p><br>
<p>1257 Samalas eruption, Rinjani volcanic complex, Lombok Island, Indonesia; 40 km (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra, Arctic and Antarctic Ice cores provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Overview of Common Era</h3><br>
<p>This is a sortable summary of 27 major eruptions in the last 2000 years with VEI ≥6, implying an average of about 1.3 per century. The count does not include the notable VEI 5 eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Mount Vesuvius. Date uncertainties, tephra volumes, and references are also not included.</p><br>
<p>Note:</p><br>
<p>Caldera names tend to change over time. For example, Okataina Caldera, Haroharo Caldera, Haroharo volcanic complex, Tarawera volcanic complex had the same magma source in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Yellowstone Caldera, Henry&#39;s Fork Caldera, Island Park Caldera, Heise Volcanic Field had all Yellowstone hotspot as magma source.</p><br>
<h3>Earlier Quaternary eruptions</h3><br>
<p>2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begin.</p><br>
<p>Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany; 12.9 ka; VEI 6; 6 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 17 ka ±5; more than 50 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Australia; was formed over 17 ka.</p><br>
<p>Menengai, East African Rift, Kenya; 29 ka</p><br>
<p>Morne Diablotins, Commonwealth of Dominica; VEI 6; 30 ka (Grand Savanne Ignimbrite).</p><br>
<p>Kurile Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; Golygin eruption; about 41.5 ka; VEI 7</p><br>
<p>Maninjau Caldera (size: 20 x 8 km), West Sumatra; VEI 7; around 52 ka; 220 to 250 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Lake Toba (size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia; VEI 8; 73 ka ±4; 2500 to 3000 km3 of tephra; probably six gigatons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).</p><br>
<p>Atitlán Caldera (size: 17 x 20 km), Guatemalan Highlands; Los Chocoyos eruption; formed in an eruption 84 ka; VEI 7; 300 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 90 ka; last eruption was more than 600 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Sierra La Primavera volcanic complex (size: 11 km wide), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; 95 ka; 20 km3 of Tala Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 120 ka; 80 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; 140 ka; 80 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, central France; it is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Emmons Lake Caldera (size: 11 x 18 km), Aleutian Range, 233 ka; more than 50 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aso (size: 24 km wide), island of Kyūshū, Japan; caldera formed as a result of four huge caldera eruptions; 270 ka; 80 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas (size: 9 x 18 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 325-175 ka 20 km3 of ignimbrite deposits.</p><br>
<p>Diamante Caldera–Maipo volcano complex (size: 20 x 16 km), Argentina-Chile; 450 ka; 450 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot; Yellowstone Caldera (size: 45 x 85 km); 640 ka; VEI 8; more than 1,000 km3 of tephra (Lava Creek Tuff)</p><br>
<p>Three Sisters (Oregon), USA; Tumalo volcanic center; with eruptions from 600 - 700 to 170 ka years ago</p><br>
<p>Uinkaret volcanic field, Arizona, USA; the Colorado River was dammed by lava flows multiple times from 725 to 100 ka.</p><br>
<p>Mono County, California, USA; Long Valley Caldera; 758.9 ka ±1.8; VEI 7; 600 km3 of Bishop Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 km3 of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.</p><br>
<p>Sutter Buttes, Central Valley of California, USA; were formed over 1.5 Ma by a now-extinct volcano.</p><br>
<p>Ebisutoge-Fukuda tephras, Japan; 1.75 Ma; 380 to 490 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot; Island Park Caldera (size: 100 x 50 km); 2.1 Ma; VEI 8; 2,450 km3 of Huckleberry Ridge Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province, northwestern Argentina; 2.2 Ma; VEI 8; 1,050 km3 of Cerro Galán Ignimbrite.</p><br>
<h2>Large Neogene eruptions</h2><br>
<h3>Pliocene eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Approximately 5.332 million years BP, the Pliocene epoch begins. Most eruptions before the Quaternary period have an unknown VEI.</p><br>
<p>Boring Lava Field, Boring, Oregon, USA; the zone became active at least 2.7 Ma, and has been extinct for about 300,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk Island, Australia; remnant of a basaltic volcano active around 2.3 to 3 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Pastos Grandes Caldera (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, Bolivia; 2.9 Ma; VEI 7; more than 820 km3 of Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>Little Barrier Island, northeastern coast of New Zealand&#39;s North Island; it erupted from 1 million to 3 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kenya; a stratovolcano created approximately 3 Ma after the opening of the East African rift.</p><br>
<p>Pacana Caldera (size: 60 x 35 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile; 4 Ma; VEI 8; 2,500 km3 of Atana Ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>Frailes Plateau, Bolivia; 4 Ma; 620 km3 of Frailes Ignimbrite E.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Galán (size: 32 km wide), Catamarca Province, northwestern Argentina; 4.2 Ma; 510 km3 of Real Grande and Cueva Negra tephra.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Kilgore Caldera (size: 80 x 60 km); VEI 8; 1,800 km3 of Kilgore Tuff; 4.45 Ma ±0.05.</p><br>
<p>Khari Khari Caldera, Frailes Plateau, Bolivia; 5 Ma; 470 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<h3>Miocene eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Approximately 23.03 million years BP, the Neogene period and Miocene epoch begin.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Guacha, Bolivia; 5.6-5.8 Ma (Guacha ignimbrite).</p><br>
<p>Lord Howe Island, Australia; Mount Lidgbird and Mount Gower are both made of basalt rock, remnants of lava flows that once filled a large volcanic caldera 6.4 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.51 Ma ±0.13 (Conant Creek Tuff).</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 5.6 Ma; 500 km3 of Blue Creek Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Panizos (size: 18 km wide), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 6.1 Ma; 652 km3 of Panizos Ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; 6.27 Ma ±0.04 (Walcott Tuff).</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Heise volcanic field, Idaho; Blacktail Caldera (size: 100 x 60 km), Idaho; 6.62 Ma ±0.03; 1,500 km3 of Blacktail Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Pastos Grandes Caldera (size: 40 x 50 km), Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, Bolivia; 8.3 Ma; 652 km3 of Sifon Ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>Manus Island, Admiralty Islands, northern Papua New Guinea; 8–10 Ma</p><br>
<p>Banks Peninsula, New Zealand; Akaroa erupted 9 Ma, Lyttelton erupted 12 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Mascarene Islands were formed in a series of undersea volcanic eruptions 8-10 Ma, as the African plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Twin Fall volcanic field, Idaho; 8.6 to 10 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Picabo volcanic field, Idaho; 10.21 Ma ± 0.03 (Arbon Valley Tuff).</p><br>
<p>Mount Cargill, New Zealand; the last eruptive phase ended some 10 Ma. The center of the caldera is about Port Chalmers, the main port of the city of Dunedin.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Idaho; Bruneau-Jarbidge volcanic field; 10.0 to 12.5 Ma (Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption).</p><br>
<p>Anahim hotspot, British Columbia, Canada; has generated the Anahim Volcanic Belt over the last 13 million years.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field, Nevada/ Oregon; around 12.8 to 13.9 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Campi Flegrei, Naples, Italy; 14.9 Ma; 79 km3 of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Huaylillas Ignimbrite, Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile; 15 Ma ±1; 1,100 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains, Whitehorse Caldera (size: 15 km wide), Oregon; 15 Ma; 40 km3 of Whitehorse Creek Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic field; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Jordan Meadow Caldera, (size: 10–15 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 350 km3 Longridge Tuff member 2-3.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Longridge Caldera, (size: 33 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.6 Ma; 400 km3 Longridge Tuff member 5.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Calavera Caldera, (size: 17 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 15.7 Ma; 300 km3 of Double H Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Hoppin Peaks Caldera, 16 Ma; Hoppin Peaks Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (North), Trout Creek Mountains, Pueblo Caldera (size: 20 x 10 km), Oregon; 15.8 Ma; 40 km3 of Trout Creek Mountains Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, McDermitt volcanic field (South), Washburn Caldera, (size: 30 x 25 km wide), Nevada/ Oregon; 16.548 Ma; 250 km3 of Oregon Canyon Tuff.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field (NWNV), Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma.</p><br>
<p>Yellowstone hotspot, Steens and Columbia River flood basalts, Pueblo, Steens, and Malheur Gorge-region, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, USA; most vigorous eruptions were from 14–17 Ma; 180,000 km3 of lava.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lindesay (New South Wales), Australia; is part of the remnants of the Nandewar extinct volcano that ceased activity about 17 Ma after 4 million years of activity.</p><br>
<p>Oxaya Ignimbrites, northern Chile (around 18°S); 19 Ma; 3,000 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Pemberton Volcanic Belt was erupting about 21 to 22 Ma.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanism before the Neogene</h2><br>
<p>Paleogene ends 23 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The formation of the Chilcotin Group basalts occurs between 10-6 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The formation of the Columbia River Basalt Group occurs between 17 and 6 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>La Garita Caldera erupts in the Wheeler Geologic Area, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado, USA, eruption several VEI8 events (Possibly as high as a VEI9), 5,000 km3 of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Unknown source in Ethiopia erupts 29 million years ago with at least 3,000 km3 of Green Tuff and SAM.</p><br>
<p>Sam Ignimbrite in Yemen forms 29.5 million years ago, at least 5,550 km3 of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>Jabal Kura’a Ignimbrite in Yemen forms 29.6million years ago, at least 3,700 km3 of distal tuffs associated with the ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>The Ethiopian Highlands flood basalt begins 30 million years ago</p><br>
<p>About 33.9 million ago, the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene period begins</p><br>
<p>The Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up begins 40 million years ago and last till 25 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex erupts 50 million years ago with a VEI7 850 km3 of tephra.</p><br>
<p>Canary hotspot is believed to have first appeared about 60 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Formation of the Brito-Arctic province begins 61 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Approximately million years ago, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred</p><br>
<p>Réunion hotspot, Deccan Traps, India, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago which are thought to have played a role in the K-Pg extinction.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville hotspot has produced the Louisville Ridge, it is active for at least 80 million years. It may have originated the Ontong Java Plateau around 120 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Hawaii hotspot, Meiji Seamount is the oldest extant seamount in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, with an estimated age of 82 million years.</p><br>
<p>The Kerguelen Plateau begins forming 110 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Rahjamal Traps form from 117-116 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Ontong Java Plateau forms from 125-120 million years ago</p><br>
<p>Paraná and Etendeka traps, Brazil, Namibia and Angola form 128 to 138 million years ago. 132 million years ago, a possible supervolcanic eruption occurred, ejecting 8,600 km3.</p><br>
<p>Formation of the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalts begins 183 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic magmatic province are thought to have contributed to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event about 199 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Siberian Traps are thought to have played a significant role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Formation of the Emeishan Traps began 260 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Late Devonian extinction occurs about 374 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurs between 450 and 440 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Glen Coe, Scotland; VEI8; 420 million years ago</p><br>
<p>Scafells, Lake District, England; VEI8; Ordovician (488.3 - 443.7 million years ago).</p><br>
<p>The Phanerozoic eon begins 542 million years ago</p><br>
<p>Mackenzie Large Igneous Province forms 1,270 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Mistassini dike swarm and Matachewan dike swarm form 2,500 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Blake River Megacaldera Complex forms 2,704-2,707 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 2,500 million years ago, the Proterozoic eon of the Precambrian period begins</p><br>
<p>About 3,800 million years ago, the Archean eon of the Precambrian period begins</p><br>
<p>Old Tombstone, also known as the Denton Monument, is a folk art tombstone listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in the town of Hollins, Virginia, United States. Located in the Tombstone Cemetery, just east of Plantation Road , Old Tombstone is noted for its folk art elements as being unique to Southwest Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Tombstone is a monolithic freestone carving marking the grave of Robert Denton, and is 4 ft long, 2.6 ft wide and, 1.6 ft at its thickest point. The stone features a carving on its top exposing the head and torso of a child, with markings in German, English and Latin. The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>Once loved, once valued, now avails me not; Though my relations have not me forgot...</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The monument was designed by Laurence Krone, a prolific Virginia-German carver. Its design featuring a carving of a child, although commonplace in New England during the period, is unique to Southwest Virginia. Krone met the Dentons after the family took him in after falling ill at the turn of the 19th century. Due to the generosity of the family, Krone carved the monument free of charge upon the death of Robert Denton.</p><br>
<p>By 1967, the ornate lid that once covered the sandstone face and bust of the child was stolen. As a result of the theft, the Hollins Lions Club constructed a roof and chain-link cage around the monument to protect it from vandals. Due to its architectural significance the monument was named to the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1977 and to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The cemetery where it is located, Tombstone Cemetery, takes its name directly from that of Old Tombstone.</p><br>
<p>Tel Kabri  is an archaeological site containing one of the largest Middle Bronze  Age  Canaanite palaces in ancient Israel, and the largest such palace excavated as of 2014. Kabri is named for the abundance of its perennial springs – as described in the Etymology section below – the presence of which has led to the site&#39;s occupation and use as a water source from the Pottery Neolithic  period  to the present day. Located in the Western Upper Galilee, the site was at the height of its power in the MB, controlling much of the surrounding region. Kabri declined as a local power at the end of the MB, but the site continued to be occupied at times, on a much reduced level, up until the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.</p><br>
<p>Since 1957, Tel Kabri has been excavated by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), formerly the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM), as well as Israeli and American universities. Among the discoveries at the site by the two full-scale archaeological expeditions, two have attracted particular attention from the archaeological community. The first finding to come to international attention was the discovery of Minoan-style frescoes in the palace at Kabri., these are the only Minoan-style frescoes ever discovered in Israel. Second, in 2013, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project uncovered the oldest and largest known palatial wine cellar in the Ancient Near East in Kabri&#39;s palace.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Early in the Roman Period (64 BC–500s AD), the town of Kabrita had been established to the east of the tel. The site is mentioned in the 3rd century Mosaic of Rehob, as marking one of the northernmost bounds of Jewish resettlement after their return from Babylonian exile. Kabrita became the Arab village of el-Kabira, which by the late 1200s AD was called al-Kabrah by the Arabs and Le Quiebre by the Crusaders who controlled the area at the time. By 1880, both the village and the ruins on the tel had come to be associated and bear the same names. Al-Kabrah eventually became al-Kabri, and this name lasted until the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when the village was depopulated. Both the post-war kibbutz, Kabri, on whose grounds the archaeological site is located, and the tel itself, are named for al-Kabri. The name of Kabrita, and the later names, were derived from the triconsonantal Semitic root, כבר, meaning great or powerful, in reference to the plentiful water from Kabri&#39;s springs.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tel Kabri is at the eastern end of the Western Galilee coastal plain, located on the grounds of Kibbutz Kabri. It is less than 5 km from the sea, and the Ga&#39;aton River is nearby to the south, with the closest major city being Nahariyya to the west. The tel is home to four springs, Ein Shefa, Ein Giah, Ein Tzuf, and Ein ha-Shayara. It is these springs that have brought people to Kabri since the Neolithic.</p><br>
<p>Natural resources such as trees on the hills to the east and stone quarries near the coast were important for the inhabitants of the site. Kabris height is partly a result of human activity: Over the centuries, material remains created layers that built up thetel. During Kempinskis excavations, it was found that the original surface in the Neolithic would have been up to 5.5 m lower than the present surface.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tel and its surrounding area have been inhabited since the Pottery Neolithic (PN). Kabri was at the height of its power in the MB, when the polity there controlled a significant portion of the Upper Galilee. After the MB, Tel Kabri was occupied by later peoples – though on a much reduced scale – up to the founding of the State of Israel, when the kibbutz of Kabri was created.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Palatial</h3><br>
<p>The area of Kabri was first settled during the PN by members of the Yarmoukian culture. In the early Chalcolithic period (4500–3500 BC), Kabri was a major centre of the Wadi Raba culture. In the Early Bronze (EB) Age (3500-2100 BC), there was a town on the side of the tel that was destroyed as part of the region-wide systems collapse that characterised the EB collapse. In the early and middle MB I, Tel Kabri – along with Megiddo, Aphek, and Akko – was one of the earliest cities in the Levant to rebuild its fortifications following the EB collapse. The new city was confined to the northern part of the earlier EB tel.</p><br>
<h3>Palatial</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the ongoing excavations at Kabri that began in 2005, archaeologists thought that there was only one palace at the site, and that it was built in the period between the late MB I (2200–1950 BC) and MB IIA (1950–1700 BC). It was also thought that the MB I period had been a transition phase. However, the palace found by Kempinski has been dated to the MB IIB (1700–1550 BC), and in 2010, a second, earlier, palace – an MB IIA palace – was identified beneath the MB IIB palace. The remains of the earlier MB IIA palace appear to show that it was expanded to create the later MB IIB palace. The discovery of the earlier palace pushes the dates for palatial occupation of the site to the MB IIA, 150 years earlier than originally believed. The earlier MB IIA palace may have been "the most impressive structure in the Upper Galilee" at the time, and was possibly the oldest palace in Canaan.</p><br>
<p>Earlier still, at the transition between the MB I and MB II, a large-scale restructuring programme was undertaken in a possible effort to transform Kabri into an idealised Syrian-style city – a powerful city-state centred around a magnificent and well-fortified palace. The area was fortified, and an additional 25 hectare were enclosed within a large glacis, a type of earthwork fortification that was 50 m wide with a stone core and that encircled the tel as it appears today. The glacis was topped by mudbrick and stone. There was an MB I palace and this was expanded into the MB II palaces. This restructuring programme resulted in some parts of the tel being flattened out and a large portion of the population having to find new homes in the city, as a result of part of the MB IIA palace – along with certain parts of the rampart – being built in an area previously occupied by private houses. Kabri&#39;s ancillary sites (such as Achziv and Avdon) were also built up, and migration from the hinterland to Kabri – and its secondary sites – increased dramatically as a result of these projects. Kabri became the capital of a major polity, with the newly expanded MB II palace at its centre.</p><br>
<p>At the peak of its power, Kabri may have controlled a domain that stretched from Mount Carmel in the south to the Sulam range in the north, with as many as 31 vassal sites and 30,000 subjects. Kempinski hypothesised that Kabri might be the Bronze Age settlement of Rehov, a polity mentioned in the Execration Texts and the biblical Book of Joshua.During this period, Kabri maintained significant contacts with neighbouring regions in the form of trade and exchange of ideas.</p><br>
<p>Counting the MB I, MB IIA, and MB IIB stages, the palace was continuously occupied for three centuries. This is longer than any other palace in ancient Israel.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Palatial</h3><br>
<p>By 1500 BC, the site was abandoned for reasons unknown as of the 2015. Some time after the abandonment, during the Late Bronze (LB) Age (1550–1200 BC), a small village occupied the tel.</p><br>
<p>In the Iron Age, the site was reoccupied by Greek mercenaries under hire from the Phoenician city-state of Tyre. The mercenaries were based in a citadel there. Close to the citadel, in the Iron Age and Phoenician periods, the later Phoenician city of Rehov was sited at Kabri. The Phoenician town was fortified by a casemate wall. This town was destroyed by the armies of the Neo-Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II around 585 BC, and his rule was extended over Phoenicia. After this destruction, the town was rebuilt and this new town grew during the Persian period (538–332 BC). Remains from this time have been found near the tel&#39;s spring of Ein Shefa. Habitation at the tel itself ends at this point. Early in the Hellenistic period (332–64 BC), the ruins of the Iron Age citadel were used for burials, but the tel was not resettled until the Ottoman period (1517-1917 AD).</p><br>
<p>Some time during the Early Roman period, a Jewish settlement is mentioned, named Kabrita, located east of the tel in the area that was occupied by the later Arab village, eventually named al-Kabri. Kabri, appearing under the name of al-Kabrah, is mentioned in the last hudna, or peace treaty, between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Mamluks. In the treaty, the village and its surrounding fields, are shown as belonging to the ruler of Akko.</p><br>
<p>In addition to al-Kabri which is located east of the site, during the Ottoman Period, two additional Arab villages were founded on the actual site – en-Nahr and et-Tell – in the southern and western portions of the tel, respectively. All three villages were close to the major springs, but during most of their existence, they were sparsely populated – in the low hundreds. Al-Kabri appears as Kabli and En-Nahr appears as el-Qahweh in the first topographic map of the region made in 1799 by Napoleon&#39;s cartographer, Pierre Jacotin. This same map does not show Et-Tell, and only shows a mill in that location. Et-Tell does appear in the later Palestine Exploration Fund map of 1880, and is talked about by Victor Guérin in his travelogue of the area, published that same year, which described all three villages. Karmon hypothesised that the new village of et-Tell might have been founded by villagers from el-Qahweh as a home for mill workers. The three villages existed up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when they were depopulated.</p><br>
<p>Much of Kabris recorded history also deals with its springs and, starting in the Hellenistic period, the springs relationship to the city of Akko. The springs of Kabri have fed Akko for centuries, and aqueducts have been built from Kabri to Akko by local rulers. In the Hellenistic period, an aqueduct was constructed at Kabri, and another was built during the governorship of Jezzar Pasha, the Ottoman ruler of Akko who also ruled the Eyalet of Sidon (1775-1804). Later, a new aqueduct was built by Jezzar&#39;s successor, Sulaymán Páshá in the Ottoman Period, and this aqueduct functioned up until the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Portions of the structure still stand today.</p><br>
<p>Following the War, the tel was incorporated into the grounds of Kibbutz Kabri and was made into agricultural land. Soon after, the ancient remains of the site were rediscovered and on-and-off archaeological work began which continues to the present day alongside the agricultural work of the kibbutz.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Tel Kabri has been a subject of archaeological study since 1957, following the discovery of Late Neolithic vessels at the site in 1956 by members of the kibbutz. After 1961, most of the focus on the site shifted to Bronze Age material remains. Surveys and excavations have taken place at the site to explore its past.</p><br>
<p>Tel Kabri is a multi-period site, meaning that it has layers, or "strata", of occupation dating from different time periods. The tel itself operates as an agricultural area of Kibbutz Kabri, and certain layers have been subject to damage as a result of agriculture activity.</p><br>
<p>The tel is located on the grounds of the kibbutz, and contains the remains of the Canaanite city from the MB period and the partially excavated later Iron Age citadel. Tel Kabri is the only Canaanite city that can be excavated in its entirety because no other city with monumental architecture was built on the site after the MB city. In 2013, it was estimated that the palace would have occupied 6,100 m&sup2, and in 2006, it was estimated that the ancient city as a whole would have occupied 4 hectare.</p><br>
<p>As a result of farming and erosion, Stratum 1 of the tel, the uppermost layer, has been heavily damaged. Prior to agricultural activities by the kibbutzniks in 1976, there still existed large towers on the tel, which may have been gates. The entire site is cut across by a British Mandate period (1920–1948 AD) road that originally led from the coastal city of Nahariyya to the moshav of Meona. Most of the tel was also covered over with a metre of sterile top-soil (containing no archaeological remains) laid down for the purpose of farming by the kibbutz between Kempinskis excavations ending in 1993 and the beginning of the ongoing expedition in 2005. According to Tel Kabri Archaeological Project co-Director Assaf Yasur-Landau: "The city&#39;s preservation enables us to get a complete picture of political and social life in the Canaanite period. We can reveal whether or not it had a central government, whether taxes were levied, what sort of agriculture there was and how politics were conducted at the time."</p><br>
<h3>Stratigraphy</h3><br>
<p>Kempinski identified twelve stratigraphic layers at Tel Kabri. Stratigraphy is the layering of soil with the more recent soil layers higher up and the older soil layers further down. Archaeologists and geologists use stratigraphy to date artefacts found in the soil relative to each other. The artefacts – in particular, sherds of pottery – can, in turn, be used to date the layer of soil and its contents to a specific date range. The 1986-1993 Tel Kabri Expedition did not find a continuous stratigraphic sequence in any one excavation trench, and so Kempinski based the identification of the layers at Tel Kabri on finds in different areas. He arranged the layers as follows:</p><br>
<h3>Areas</h3><br>
<p>Tel Kabri is divided up into areas (some of which are shown in the table above) for practical purposes of organisation. The first areas – A, B, and C – were designated during the 1975–1976 excavations by Kempinski and Prausnitz. Later Areas D, E, F, and T were opened by the 1986–1993 Tel Kabri Expedition, and Area D was subdivided by the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project starting in 2005.The following areas have been investigated as of the 2013 season.</p><br>
<p>Area A – This area was designated Area A by Kempinski and Prausnitz during their 1975–1976 excavations. The area that would come to be called Area A was the first area of archaeological fieldwork at Tel Kabri. This was the survey of Area A in 1957 after Neolithic stone vessels had been found in 1956. This area was first excavated by Prausnitz from 1957 to 1958, when he found early Chalcolithic cist tombs and houses. Exploration in Area A has focused on the Neolithic and Chalcolithic aspects of the site. This area was not excavated during Kempinski&#39;s 1986–1993 Tel Kabri Expedition, and has not been excavated by the current Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, as of the 2013 season.</p><br>
<p>Area B – First excavated by Ben-Yosef in 1969, the area was later excavated by Kempinski and Prausnitz in 1975 and 1976 who gave it the name, Area B. Kempinski&#39;s 1986-1993 expedition found some pottery from the MB II, but modern human activity had destroyed the layers of previous habitation.</p><br>
<p>Area C – Like Areas A and B, Area C was named during Kempinski and Prausnitzs 1975–1976 excavations. Area C was a 40-metre-long trench cut into the rampart on the northern end of the tel in the first year of their expedition. During Kempinskis 1986–1993 excavations, the trench was expanded south so as to study the fortifications inside the city itself.</p><br>
<p>Area D – First uncovered as a result of Mekorot&#39;s 1961 trench, which exposed the MB plaster floors. Area D is where the excavation on the MB palaces has taken place. Kempinski focused most of his efforts on Area D, and excavations during the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project have been confined to Area D. During the course of the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, Area D has been sub-divided as follows:</p><br>
<p>Area D-West (2005, 2008–present) – First opened in 2005 to investigate a possible throne room for the final palace, D-West has been open every year during the portion of the expedition devoted to excavation, which started in 2008, for the purpose of further uncovering palatial structures. In 2013, a storage room was found in D-West which was later identified as a wine cellar.</p><br>
<p>Area D-South (2005, 2009-2013) – In 2005, D-South was opened to investigate the southern portion of Area D which Kempinski and Niemeier hypothesised might be a religious area. Excavators found evidence of metal-working as well as what excavators referred to as a massive stone structure. When D-South was reopened in 2009, it was further subdivided into D-South 1 and 2 and remained as two areas in 2009 and 2011, and then just D-South 1 in the 2013 season. During the course of these excavations, a structure called the "Upper Terrace or Courtyard Building" or Building 3079 was exposed in both areas, which the excavators hypothesised might be part of an as of yet unexcavated monumental structure.</p><br>
<p>*D-South 1 (2009-2013) – D-South 1 was opened in 2009 to investigate the massive stone structure found in 2005, which was found to be a wall corner and was further exposed towards the east in later seasons as building 3079. In 2013, the excavators looked for further structures as well as the possible early stages of the city rampart. They found a wall which they believe may be part of the retaining wall for another building.</p><br>
<p>*D-South 2 (2009 and 2011) – D-South 2 was opened in 2009 so as to link areas excavated in 2005 in D-South with Area F as well as to investigate, further towards the west, the massive stone structure found in 2005 (later Building 3079). By 2011, the large structure had been identified, including a so-called "zig-zag wall" (based on its shape), and the excavators hypothesised that there might be a lower courtyard, as well as a thus far unexcavated monumental structure.</p><br>
<p>Area D-North (2005, 2013 as part of Area D-West East) – Opened in 2005 to locate a possible northern wall of the final palace which had been located by geophysical surveys. The results of the 2005 season in D-North supported an earlier hypothesis by Kempinski and Niemeier that there had been a large structure on the site of the later palace preceding its construction. In 2013, D-North was linked via D-West East to Kempinski&#39;s old Area D excavations.</p><br>
<p>Area D-West East (2013) – D-West East was opened in 2013 in an attempt to link up D-North with the portions of Area D excavated by Kempinski, as well as explore further rooms surrounding one of the final palace&#39;s courtyards, as well as to find a complete pottery assemblage free of possible contamination from other periods or locations in the palace.</p><br>
<p>Area E – Area E was excavated in 1986 via a trench in the southwest of the tel after a survey found traces of Iron Age settlement. It was reopened from 1989 to 1990 and from 1992 to 1993. This area was investigated once more by Smithline in 2004 when he recovered significant amounts of Iron Age pottery, which add to the body of knowledge for the site&#39;s post-palatial ceramics.</p><br>
<p>Area F – Area F was a portion of Area D created in 1990 as a result of Area D being physically cut in two by the Mandate period road. In both Kempinskis preliminary reports and on-site, Area F was treated as separate from Area D. However, both Kempinskis final report (2002) treated Area F as part of Area D. In 2009, Area F was reopened and excavated by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project.</p><br>
<p>Area T – Located in the northeast of the tel, this area was excavated in 1990 to investigate what Kempinski&#39;s team thought might be a tower. They found a section of well-preserved city wall instead.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological expeditions</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological work has taken place at Tel Kabri since 1956. The work at Tel Kabri has consisted of a survey, five minor excavations, and two major excavations, although prior to 1986, much of the activity was salvage excavations and surveys., Tel Kabri is being excavated by an international consortium, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project. Among the finds that have been discovered at Tel Kabri, are Minoan-style wall frescoes – of which there are four known at Kabri – and the oldest and largest known palatial wine cellar in the Ancient Near East.</p><br>
<p>In the years before the first large-scale excavations by Aharon Kempinski (1986-1993), surveys and smaller excavations were conducted to rescue artefacts and get an idea of the nature of Tel Kabri. This began when the archaeological remains of the tel were first discovered in the 1950s after kibbutzniks started coming across Neolithic artefacts near the local spring of Ein Giah. In 1956, on behalf of IDAM, the forerunner of today&#39;s Israel Antiquities Authority, David Alon and Daniel Rosolio conducted a survey in the area where the Neolithic artefacts had first been found earlier in the same year. They came across fortifications from the MB, and this survey led to salvage excavations in the following two years of what would later become Area A. In 1961, public works by the national water company revealed Bronze Age architectural remains in the form of a palace floor. In 1969, another rescue excavation was launched to investigate MB IIA tombs revealed as a result of agricultural activity by the kibbutz. From 1975 to 1976, a salvage excavation was conducted to examine areas exposed in 1957, 1958, 1961, and 1969</p><br>
<p>From 1957 to 1958, The first rescue excavations were carried out by Moshe Prausnitz working with the IDAM, who was joined by Robert Stigler of Brandeis University. Prausnitz focused on Area A of the site where the surveyors, Alon and Rosoliyo, had first investigated the Neolithic implements found by the kibbutzniks in 1956. His expedition found Neolithic cist tombs as well as round and rectangular dwellings from the lower part of the city.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, after Prausnitz&#39;s excavation, a large trench was cut into the tel by the national water company, Mekorot, so as to incorporate the local springs into the national water system. This inadvertently led to the start of exploration into the EB and MB archaeological remains at Kabri. The stratigraphy from the Mekorot trench was photographed and revealed the existence of the Bronze Age settlements. It also revealed the plaster floors – the first evidence of what would later be identified as the MB II palaces. The trench also cut into – and revealed the existence of – the MB II rampart.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, as a result of the kibbutz removing an orchard from the tel, MB II tombs containing grave goods were found in what had been the lower city. Their findspot was excavated by Y. Ben-Yosef for the IDAM that same year.</p><br>
<p>From 1975 to 1976, salvage excavations were carried out by Prausnitz representing the IDAM, Kempinski of Tel Aviv University (TAU), and Ruth Amiran of the Israel Museum, to explore the area where the MB II tombs had been found, the lower city, the earthen rampart, and the Neolithic layers of the site. Among their finds was a 2.10 m tall stela that had a polished face, but no inscription. Following this excavation, Kempinski, focused his work on Tel Kabri and applied for permits from the IDAM and permission from Kibbutz Kabri to conduct large-scale excavation of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, large-scale excavations began at Tel Kabri, initially under the direction of Kempinski for TAU, and then, from 1989 onwards, Kempinski and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier for Heidelberg University, until Kempinski died in July 1994, and the expedition was discontinued. Between 1986 and 1988, the first remains of the MB palaces were discovered near the spring of Ein Shefa, along with a contemporaneous residential area. The portion of the palace initially excavated included a 10 by hall, with a Minoan-style decorated plaster floor. The style of the floor is closest to what is referred to as the Cretan-Theran Late Minoan IA tradition of wall painting. They also found more than 2,000 Aegean-style painted plaster fragments. It was during the course of Kempinskis excavations that an Iron Age Phoenician citadel was also discovered. The sites excavators believed this fortification was occupied by Greek mercenaries, based on the pottery found there.</p><br>
<p>In the first year of excavation by the Kempinski expedition, work was carried out in Area C, and continued each year through the 1991 season. In 1986, Areas D and E were opened, and excavated, for the first time. Area D was, and is, home to the MB palace, which became the focus of Kempinskis excavations for the duration of his expedition, which was the first to excavate the palace intentionally (after the accidental excavation by the Mekorot water company in 1961). Area D was excavated each year by Kempinskis team. In 1987, the Kempinski expedition discovered the entranceway to what would be designated as Hall 611 in the palace, the ceremonial hall with the painted plaster floor. Area E was excavated every year except 1987, 1988, and 1991, and in the first year, 1986, yielded Iron Age Greek pottery. In 1987, new work was carried out in Prausnitz&#39;s Area B and continued each year through 1992. During the 1988 excavation, a large family tomb was discovered in Area C, and MB II bronze artefacts, such as a "duck-billed axe" from Area B (see picture to the right), were also recovered from tombs in both Areas B and C.</p><br>
<p>At the start of the 1989 season, German Archaeologist, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, joined Kempinskis Tel Kabri Expedition as his co-director. Along with the excavations in Areas B, C, D, and E, additional work was carried out in the new Area F, which continued each year excluding the 1991 season, and in Area T, which was excavated in 1990. Area T was an area at the northern part of the tel opened to explore what looked like a surviving tower but the exploration of which resulted in finding well-preserved fortifications. In 1990, finds included a Phoenician seal impression which had both the name of the official who owned it and the year according to the Tyrian calendar. Also in 1990, the western portion of Hall 611 was completely revealed in Area D, and preliminary preservation efforts were completed on the halls painted plaster floor. Work by the Kempinski expedition continued up though 1993. In Area E, work was done to investigate occupation of the site after the Iron Age – prior focus having been on the Bronze Age aspects of the site.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 1993 season, the painted plaster floor in Hall 611 was covered over with geotextile, as the team expected to return the following summer in 1994. However, Kempinski&#39;s excavations never resumed past 1993, as Kempinski died in June the following year. In accordance with his wishes, Kempinski was buried at Tel Kabri.</p><br>
<p>Between the major excavations by Kempinski and the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, two separate minor excavations were conducted by Dina Shalem and Howard Smithline. In 1999, Shalem headed up a salvage excavation ahead of a construction project on the Mandate period road running through the tel. Her team worked in Area D and came across EB architecture, as well as some Chalcolithic sherds and a possible surface from that period. In 2004, the Israeli telecommunications company, Cellcom, was laying down new telephone cable near Area E, and Smithline was asked to conduct a salvage excavation before the work started. He used this as an opportunity to investigate further the Iron Age aspects of the site. His team did not make any new discoveries, but did add to the collection of Iron Age I (1,200–1,000 BC) and Iron Age II (1,000–586 BC) pottery from the site.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, former Tel Kabri Expedition excavator, Assaf Yasur-Landau, and geophysicist, Yitzhach Makovsky, both then of Tel Aviv University, conducted an investigation to see if Kempinski and Niemeier had underestimated the size of the palace at Tel Kabri. They conducted electric resistivity and magnetometric soundings in an attempt to map out the architectural features under the soil without having to dig trenches. Their findings showed that the palace was indeed larger than previously thought. With these results, Yasur-Landau approached his former Megiddo Expedition colleague, Prof. Eric H. Cline of The George Washington University, the following year and asked whether he would like to co-direct new excavations at Tel Kabri. After devoting a year to getting the necessary funding and permits for excavation, the two were able to begin work on the site in the summer of 2005.</p><br>
<p>Since 2005, the renewed excavations have been conducted by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, an international team co-directed by Yasur-Landau, now of the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Haifa, Cline on behalf of The George Washington University, and Prof. Andrew Koh of Brandeis University, which officially joined the consortium in 2013. The majority of these excavation seasons have taken place at the MB palaces in Area D of the tel, and, since 2009, have been semi-annual.</p><br>
<p>The first four seasons at Tel Kabri were dedicated to investigating the site&#39;s potential for future large-scale excavation. As a result, the 2005 season was exploratory in nature, featuring assessment of the site and minor excavations to determine the viability of conducting future work at the site.During the course of the season, additional palatial architecture was uncovered, and the palace was found to be twice as large as previously thought by Kempinski, thus confirming the results of the 2003 soundings by Yasur-Landau and Makovsky. Along with this, another structure – possibly communal or another palace – was discovered below the MB II palace. It was during the 2005 season that the first find of a gold artefact at Kabri was made.</p><br>
<p>The team also found that in the time between the end of Kempinski&#39;s excavations and the start of the new expedition, there had been significant damage done to the site by the elements. The most apparent example of this was the geotextile that had been placed by Kempinski to cover the painted plaster floor in the palace hall. Since 1993, the geotextile had bonded to the plaster, and this made it impossible to remove the geotextile without destroying the floor. As a result of this, much of the work done in the 2005 season was also conservation work.</p><br>
<p>The following 2006 season was a series of surveys of the region around Kabri. The goals of this season were only partially fulfilled during the original timeframe though, as the 2006 season coincided with the 2006 Lebanon War. The team was able to survey MB II sites in the area around the site and see how they would have interacted with Kabri in that time period. However, as a result of the war, they had to postpone any aerial photography of the tel – by order of the Israeli Air Force – and access to the pottery from previous excavations – held in the IAA storerooms at Kibbutz Beit HaEmek – was restricted for the duration of the war. In that time period, the IAA did allow the team to remove the relevant pottery from Beit HaEmek to Tel Aviv for study, where the pottery could also be kept safe. The team had to wait until mid-September to achieve its goals fully. As a result of the dangers posed by the rockets from the north, some members of the team had to return to their home countries, without completing their work.</p><br>
<p>The 2007 season was partly devoted to finishing the work that had to be halted in the 2006 season, as well as preparing the site for excavation the following season. Through comparative studies of pottery, the team was able to map out Kabri&#39;s rise to regional power in the MB II. The architecture of the palace was mapped out using a total station, and a digital topographic map was made of the tel using aerial photography and measurements on the ground.</p><br>
<p>The 2008 season saw a return to excavation at the site, with a focus on the palace in Area D that had been discovered by Kempinski. The team wanted to go deeper and explore the possibility of there being a palace beneath the one Kempinski found. They managed to get a clearer picture of the entire MB palatial area up to the 1600s BC destruction, and recovered further wall plaster fragments. The structure underneath the MB II palace was determined most likely to be a palace itself, and further fragments of Aegean wall frescos and imported pottery were found, allowing the excavators to push back the time for contact with the Aegean and Cyprus to the MB I period. At the close of the dig season, the site was covered up to preserve it in the off-season.</p><br>
<p>2009 was the first year of large-scale excavation by the expedition, and the first year that the system of semi-annual excavation – with the off-years devoted to data-processing – was implemented and was in use as of the 2013 season. The 2009 season was also the only year that two separate seasons of excavations were conducted: a summer large-scale excavation, and a winter minor excavation. During the summer season of 2009, additional Aegean style frescoes were found at the site. In Area D-West, the northern bounds of the palace were successfully determined, and a corridor was discovered that held restorable pottery. During the winter season, the corridor in D-West was revisited, so that its use could be determined. As a result of these excavations, the date for the construction of the earliest palace was revised and estimated to be in the MB I period in the 1800s BC, making the palace at Kabri one of the oldest palaces in Canaan.</p><br>
<p>The main finds of the 2011 season included an orthostat building close to the palace, further pieces of painted plaster, and a scarab of the Second Intermediate Period.</p><br>
<p>During the 2013 season, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project discovered the first known complete MB storage room in Canaan. On 22 November 2013, the team announced that this storage room had been found to be the oldest palatial wine cellar in the Ancient Near East, with 40 large ceramic jars, totalling 2,000 litres in capacity, containing traces of wine dating to 1700 BC. During the latter half of the season, the dig shifted its focus to Area D-West, where the wine cellar was located. To speed up the process of uncovering the vessels in the wine cellar, for part of the time, the team adopted the atypical practice of working in morning and afternoon shifts of 05:00 to 12:00 and 13:00 to 19:00, respectively, almost exclusively in Area D-West. Prior to the actual removal of the vessels, LiDAR work was done on the site, for the first time, in this area. Near the end of the season, red plaster fragments were discovered while the area was being cleaned. However, the finds were not restricted to Area D-West. In Area D-South, a deposit was discovered that held additional pieces of wall plaster. In Area D-West-East, the area of D-North was linked up with the areas excavated by Kempinski, thus unifying the whole area from D-North to D-West, exposing further architecture, and bringing the estimate of the size of the palace to approximately 6,000 m&sup2;. As a result of the discovery of two doorways in D-West at the end of the 2013 season, part of the 2015 season will be devoted to exploring where – and to what – these doorways lead.</p><br>
<h2>Site reports</h2><br>
<p>Below are the site reports that could be located for the archaeological work at Tel Kabri. They have been arranged chronologically, with internet links where available, for reference.</p><br>
<p>The reports for the 1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1999, and 2004 excavations were all published in journals, some in English and some in Hebrew. It was not until the Tel Kabri Expedition of Tel Aviv University under Kempinski that stand-alone excavation reports for Tel Kabri were published, and then Kempinski made sure to publish a report for each year – a practice that has continued with the ongoing excavations by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project of The George Washington University and the University of Haifa. Reports for the 1969 survey could not be located.</p><br>
<p>1956 Survey</p><br>
<p>Stekelis, M., 1958.על גרעין האובידיאן שנמצא בקיבוץ כברי Eretz Israel 5: 35-37 (Hebrew)</p><br>
<p>Stekelis, M., 1958, An obsidian core found at Kibbutz Kabri. Eretz Israel 5: 85* (English summary of the above.)</p><br>
<p>1957–1958 salvage excavation</p><br>
<p>Prausnitz, M. W., 1969, The excavations at Kabri. Eretz Israel 9: 122–129 (Hebrew)</p><br>
<p>Prausnitz, M. W., 1959, "Kabri". Israel Exploration Journal 9: 268–269. (English summary of the 1957–1958 excavations.)</p><br>
<p>1975–1976 salvage excavation</p><br>
<p>Prausnitz, M. W., Kempinski, A., 1977, Kabri, 1976. Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 27, p. 165–166.</p><br>
<p>The Tel Kabri Expedition: 1986–1993</p><br>
<p>Final Report</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A., 2002, Tel Kabri. The 1986–1993 Excavations. Edited by N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.</p><br>
<p>Preliminary reports</p><br>
<p>Note that all preliminary reports by Kempinski&#39;s expedition are in English and Hebrew with the Hebrew sections summarised in the English section. Please note that the English sections use a different page numbering system where the pages are starred. this is to eliminate confusion from having a page 1 at the start of each cover.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. (1987). Excavations at Kabri, 1: Preliminary Report of the 1986 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. (1988). Excavations at Kabri, 2: Preliminary Report of the 1987 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. (1989). Excavations at Kabri, 3: Preliminary Report of the 1988 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. Niemeier, W. D. (1990). Excavations at Kabri, 4: Preliminary Report of the 1989 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. Niemeier, W. D. (1991). Excavations at Kabri, 5: Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. Niemeier, W. D. (1992). Excavations at Kabri, 6: Preliminary Report of the 1991 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>Kempinski, A. Niemeier, W. D. (1994). Excavations at Kabri, 7–8: Preliminary Report of the 1992–1993 Seasons. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.</p><br>
<p>1999 salvage excavation</p><br>
<p>2004 salvage excavation</p><br>
<p>The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project: 2005–ongoing</p><br>
<p>The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project has published preliminary reports for each season of excavation online., there is no collected site report.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tremper, officially known as Tremper Mountain and originally called Timothyberg, is one of the Catskill Mountains in the USA state of New York. It is located near the hamlet of Phoenicia, in the valley of Esopus Creek.</p><br>
<p>At 2,740 ft in elevation, it is well below the higher peaks of the region. Its slopes were a source of two major local products during the 19th century: hemlock bark, a source of tannin, and bluestone used in construction. Later it was the site of Tremper House, one of the Catskills&#39; earliest railroad resorts. Henry Ward Beecher and Oscar Wilde were among the guests there.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century it was acquired by the state and became part of the Catskill Park Forest Preserve. Its location in the Esopus Valley between the northern and southern Catskills made it an ideal place for a fire lookout tower, which still stands on the mountain&#39;s summit. The Mount Tremper Fire Observation Station has been restored and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Hikers often follow the old road to it from Phoenicia, also a section of the Long Path long-distance trail, to enjoy the views from the tower.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tremper is a sprawling mountain at the south end of a range of low-elevation peaks between Warners Creek and Silver Hollow on the north, Stony Clove Creek on the west, Esopus Creek on the southwest and the Beaver Kill on the southeast. The latter three are closely paralleled by state highways 214, 28 and 212. Its summit dominates the view from westbound Route 28 at the small hamlet of Mount Tremper.</p><br>
<p>The mountains lower slopes are gentle, becoming steep around 2,200 ft and then leveling off again at the summit ridge. Unnamed tributaries of the surrounding creeks run down narrow valleys on the mountains slopes. The summit ridge continues northeast to an unnamed summit and then Carl Mountain, both higher than Tremper at 2,820 ft and 2,880 ft respectively.</p><br>
<p>Most of the mountain is within the Town of Shandaken, whose largest population center, the hamlet of Phoenicia, is at the southwest foot of the mountain. Another smaller settlement named after the mountain is to its south. A small portion of the mountain&#39;s lowest eastern slopes is within Woodstock. The public land is managed by the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like the Catskills as a whole, a dissected plateau, Tremper was formed not through the upthrust of rock layers but by the gradual erosion of stream valleys in an uplifted region about 350 mya. Its rock layers and bedrock are primarily Devonian and Silurian shale and sandstone. Bluestone is present in enough quantity that a quarry was once located on the south side of the mountain at an elevation of 1,495 ft. Its remains are still visible today from the old road to the fire tower, which passes it.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Because of its low elevation, the forests on Mount Tremper are dominated by a forest type referred to in the Catskills as southern hardwoods. This is dominated by oak, hickory and pine species, with some basswood and poplar scattered in lower elevations. Chestnut were once common as well, but most died off in the blight of the early 20th century. Some eastern hemlocks, once more widespread before they were harvested for their tannin-rich bark, remain, primarily higher on the mountain where the barkpeelers never reached. The summit ridge has some areas of the northern hardwood forest (beech, birch and maple) more common on higher Catskill slopes. The more shade-tolerant northern hardwoods are slowly invading the southern hardwoods as an understory; due to the cessation of human intervention in the forest they will eventually displace the southern hardwoods.</p><br>
<p>Tremper has a typical assortment of animal life for the Catskills. Herbivores such as white-tailed deer, chipmunks and porcupines dominate the lower end of the food chain, with predators like fishers and black bear at the top. The ledges in the former quarry are one of the few rattlesnake habitats in the Catskills close to a hiking trail, with at least one confirmed den, and visitors should exercise caution if they wish to explore it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trempers human history has two stages. For the century after the areas first settlement it was primarily an economic resource, sustaining several industries. Since the end of that period it has become a recreational resource.</p><br>
<h3>1780–1900: Barkpeeling, quarrying and hotels</h3><br>
<p>The mountain was first known as Timothyberg, in the vernacular of the early Dutch settlers of the Catskills. The area was first settled in the 1780s. Its location near the creeks and valleys made it ideal for barkpeeling, the first major industry of the Catskills. Bark from the many eastern hemlocks on its slopes was a rich source of tannin, and leather hides were often brought to the region to be tanned. The creek valley made it possible to easily transport them to and from the Hudson River at Kingston to the east, and the later development of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad (UDRR) made it even easier. The road up the south side of the mountain, which forest historian Michael Kudish calls the best example of an extant bark road in the Catskills, was built for this purpose. By the end of the century, since a synthetic process for creating tannin had made it less necessary to harvest large acres of forest, it was being used for quarrying instead.</p><br>
<p>The railroad made another industry possible at that time. In 1879, after hotelier Jacob Tremper opened the Tremper House, a resort on its slopes near Phoenicia, that part of the mountain became known by his name, He invited a number of prominent clergymen of the time to its dedication. Henry Ward Beecher, the main speaker, asked for God&#39;s blessing on the location and predicted a prosperous future. Another celebrity guest, Oscar Wilde, shocked the region during a lecture at the Tremper House in 1882 when he proclaimed its location at the foot of the mountain aesthetically preferable to those of hotels such as the Catskill Mountain House located on mountaintops since in valleys, "there the picturesque and beautiful is ever before you".</p><br>
<p>It remained in business until 1904, when the town, under pressure from UDRR magnate Samuel Coykendall, who owned several competing resorts, rescinded permission for it to become a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. Coykendall, and other hoteliers in the region, alleged that tourists would avoid the region if those patients were present anywhere within it. The vacant hotel burned down four years later, in 1908, and was never rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>A decade earlier, the legislation that created the states Forest Preserve, with its "forever wild" clause, had been added to the state constitution. The state acquired Trempers summit and some of the other land on its eastern slope in 1901, and established a plantation there for reforestation. A mix of eastern white pine, Norway spruce and Scots pine were planted. Unusually for the Catskills, the underlying land was not former pasture but forest that had been cut and burned repeatedly by barkpeelers. It did not establish itself although the land eventually reforested on its own.</p><br>
<h3>1900–present: Hiking destination</h3><br>
<p>The Timothyberg side of the mountain was regularly burned over by blueberry pickers every year through 1916, the year the state built the 47 ft fire lookout tower on the mountain and extended the old board road to make it accessible for observers coming by vehicle. It replaced another tower that had briefly stood on Slide Mountain, the Catskills&#39; highest peak, a few years earlier. Tremper was chosen since it offered views of the lowlands that could not be seen so easily from the fire towers on Hunter and Belleayre mountains.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the state bought more of the mountain, allowing it to designate the road as a hiking trail. By 1931 it had been extended beyond the tower as a footpath, descending the northeast side of the mountain into Hoyt Hollow to Willow. Later in the 1930s a lean-to was built at the summit for backpackers to camp in.</p><br>
<p>This trail system remained unchanged for most of the mid-20th century, save for the construction of a new lower section of trail and a trailhead about 0.3 mile (500 m) east of the foot of the road just outside Phoenicia. When the dormant idea of the Long Path was revived in the 1960s, the trail over Tremper was included. A wayward campfire led in 1966 to a wildfire that burned 10 acres (4 ha) just below the summit. Four years later the state closed the tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the state purchased some more land along the trail and built another lean-to at 2,100 ft, along the trail below the summit. The next year the towers two support structures, the observers cabin and a storage shed, were removed. These were the last significant changes to facilities on Tremper for two decades.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the century interest in restoring and preserving the fire tower led to a local fundraising campaign after DEC proposed to remove it as a structure incompatible with the Forest Preserve. It was reopened in spring 2001 and listed on the National Register in late 2001. A new extension of the Long Path along the ridge past Carl Mountain to Plateau Mountain was opened that year as well.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenicia Trail, part of the Long Path, the former bark road extended to the fire tower, is a widely used route to Tremper&#39;s summit. Blazed with red plastic DEC markers, it begins 1.6 mi south of Phoenicia along Old Route 28 (now Ulster County Route 40), across from the Esopus. It joins the old road after a half-mile (1 km) and follows it through several switchbacks past the old quarry, a spring, the Baldwin Memorial Lean-To and another spring. It reaches the lean-to and fire tower at 2.8 mi, after climbing nearly 2,000 vertical feet (610 m) from the trailhead.</p><br>
<p>Less used is the approach from the northeast via the Willow Trail. Its yellow markers begin at the intersection of Jessup and Silver Hollow roads in Willow. It follows Jessup for a mile (1.6 km) before turning into the woods and ascending the south wall of Hoyt Hollow 1.5 mi to its end at the blue-blazed Warners Creek Trail (also the Long Path). From there the summit and fire tower are 2.2 mi to the south. This route requires less vertical ascent (1,640 ft) but is longer (3.8 mi). Hikers sometimes park cars at both Willow and Phoenicia to do a 7-mile (10.2 km) shuttle hike across the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Warners Creek Trail also makes a long approach possible from Stony Clove Notch to the north. It is 7.6 mi from the parking area on Route 214 to Tremper&#39;s summit, with the trail going over one mountain and up the north slope of Tremper from Warners Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Beverly Road Historic District is a historic district consisting of fifteen residential buildings located between 23 and 45 Beverly Road in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beverly Road Historic District covers the original area of the Beverly Park Subdivision, platted by Henry B. Joy in 1911. The district was one of the earliest upper-class subdivisions in the Grosse Pointes, and marked the change of the area from a farming and summer-home community into an upscale year-round community. Residents of the district included prominent company executives, businessmen, and lawyers such as William P. Hamilton, William Cornelius Crowley, Edwin R. Stroh, Sidney T. Miller, William Van Dyke, and Edwin B. Henry. Beverly Road is still one of the few private streets in Grosse Pointe Farms.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The structures in the district line both sides of Beverly Road from Lakeshore Drive to Grosse Pointe Boulevard. The homes are primarily large-scale and feature high-quality workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The High Street Historic District of Hartford, Connecticut is a 1.1 acre historic district that includes three buildings typifying the architectural styles of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The buildings are located at 402-418 Asylum Street, 28 High Street, and 175-189 Allyn Street, and includes the Batterson Block and Judd and Root Building, each individually listed for their architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>This district consists of three properties on the block of High Street between Allyn and Asylum Streets in Downtown Hartford. Located at the southwest corner of Allyn and High is the Judd and Root Building. To its south, facing High and Asylum Streets, is the Capitol Building. Across High Street from these two buildings, in the center of the block, stands the Batterson Block. The area where these buildings stand was basically residential until the 1860s, when commercial development pressures prompted its transition.</p><br>
<h3>Batterson Block</h3><br>
<p>The Batterson Block was the first of the three buildings to be built. It is a five story masonry structure, with load-bearing brick walls finished with stone trim. The ground floor has a commercial storefront with five arched openings in white stone. The second through fourth floors have Romanesque style round-arch windows, with polychrome arches, and columns separating adjacent windows. The fifth floor is a less-stylish later addition. The block was built as a speculative venture c. 1860 by James G. Batterson, whose first business was the New England Granite Company. Batterson went on to found the Travelers Insurance Company in 1863. The architect of this building is unknown; the building is one of the city&#39;s most distinctive examples of Gothic and Romanesque architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Judd and Root Building</h3><br>
<p>The Judd and Root Building was built in 1883 to a Romanesque design by Francis Kimball and Thomas Wisedell, and is the most architecturally elaborate of the three buildings. Its ground floor has multiple storefronts, each articulated by stone piers, with three polychrome arches joining them. The second floor has alternating bands of pale stone and red brick, with paired sash windows in segmented-arch openings topped by flared polychrome lintels. In the upper levels, windows are grouped in pairs or threes, with surrounding decorative brickwork and inset terra cotta panels. Brick corbelling is a common feature above the upper-floor windows and on the cornice.</p><br>
<h3>Capitol Building</h3><br>
<p>The Capitol Building is the newest of the three buildings, constructed in 1926 to a Classical Revival design by Thomas Lamb, on the former site of the Park Street Congregational Church. It is a six story building with a steel frame, concrete floors, and brick exterior with granite trim. The ground floor has storefronts articulated by granite piers, with a center entrance set recesed in a granite arch. The second through fourth floors are plain brick with sash windows set in rectangular openings with stone sills. The fifth and sixth floor bays are articulated by fluted stone pilasters, and the building is crowned by an elaborate projecting cornice with metal cresting.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District No. 2 is a historic district in Hartford, Connecticut. It encompasses a city block in the citys downtown noted for its concentration of insurance-related highrise commercial buildings constructed in the early decades of the 20th century. It is visually dominated by the Travelers Tower, completed in 1919 and for many years Hartfords tallest building. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, at which time it included seven contributing buildings over a nine-acre area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The historic district is located in the heart of downtown Hartford, directly north of the Old State House. It covers an L-shaped area extending south from Atheneum Square North, bounded on the west by Main Street and the north by Central Row. It is bounded on the east by the Modern Phoenix Life Insurance Company Building, and by Grove and Prospect Streets. This area has been a business and commercial area in the city since the late 18th century, and is where a number of nationally significant insurance companies were founded. The buildings along Central Row are architecturally significant, encompassing a transition from early commercial architecture to that of the early 20th century. The districts taller buildings, including the Travelers Tower, were designed by architectural firms based in New York City and already experienced in skyscraper design. Most of the districts buildings are now owned by the Travelers Insurance Company, which continues to be headquartered here.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing buildings</h2><br>
<p>Putnam Tower, 6 Central Row</p><br>
<p>Travelers Office Building, 9-17 Central Row</p><br>
<p>Marble Pillar Building, 19-25 Central Row</p><br>
<p>Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. Building, 56 Prospect Street</p><br>
<p>Travelers Office Building, 59 Prospect Street (also known as 26 Grove Street)</p><br>
<p>The Travelers Tower, 1 Tower Square</p><br>
<p>and one noncontributing building:</p><br>
<p>Travelers Office Building, 740 Main St.</p><br>
<p>The Pratt Street Historic District of Hartford, Connecticut, encompasses all of Pratt Street, between Main and Trumbull Streets, in the city&#39;s downtown. This block, which includes 15 buildings , is the only place in the city where its typical early 20th-century streetscape is retained. All of the buildings in the district were built between 1830 and 1928, a significant number of them designed by major local architects. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pratt Street is a one-block street in Downtown Hartford, running east-west between Main Street on the east and Trumbull Street (across from the XL Center) in the west. It is lined by fifteen buildings (eight on one side and seven on the other) that are distinctly more modest in scale than those on the surrounding streets, ranging in height from two to six stories. All but one were built between 1896 and 1937, and are in commercial revival styles popular in that period. The one exception is the 1830 Spencer House at 76-78 Pratt Street, a two-story brick townhouse that is a reminder of the street&#39;s residential origin.</p><br>
<p>Anchoring the southeast corner of Pratt and Trumbull is the Steiger Building, a six-story building with its lower stories faced in smooth stone, and its upper floors finished in light brick. Just to its south on Trumbull is the Heublein Building, a Romanesque Revival structure built out of red brick and brownstone in 1896. To the east of the Steiger Building on Pratt Street is a Classical Revival structure five stories in height, built in 1897. Adjacent to it is the Dillon Building, one of Hartford&#39;s finest examples of Beaux Arts architecture, built in 1899 and attributed to architect Isaac Allen Jr. Allen is also credited with the building three to the east, a two-story building built in 1919 which exhibits extensive terra cotta detailing and expansive use of glass. The 1925-6 Society for Savings Building anchors the eastern end of the street; its original architect was George H. Gilbert, but it has undergone several restylings to acquire a more International appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street Historic District encompasses a collection of architecturally distinguished institutional and residential buildings near the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford, Connecticut. Located on Capitol Avenue and Trinity and Elm Streets, it includes the city&#39;s best concentration of early 20th-century architecture, including Bushnell Memorial Hall and several state office buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elm Street Historic District is located on the southwest of Hartford&#39;s downtown. It is bounded on the north by Bushnell Park and the west by the grounds of the state capitol complex. Its buildings extend along Capitol Avenue and the south side of Elm Street between Trinity Street and Pulaski Circle, and along Trinity from Elm to Buckingham Street. It is about 15 acre in size, and originally included fourteen historically significant buildings. The largest of these is the State Office Building, between Capitol and Buckingham, a fine example of Classical Revival architecture with Art Deco details, built in 1930 to a design by Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray of New York City. Just to its north is Bushnell Memorial Hall, designed by the same firm and also completed in 1930. It features a Georgian Revival exterior and a rich Art Deco interior. Extending east from the Bushnell area on Capitol Avenue are the First Presbyterian Church (1870, Romanesque Revival), and parking lots, some of which on the site of early 20th-century residential buildings that were part of the district listing but have since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>North of the Bushnell, at the corner of Trinity and Elm Streets, is the former Orient Insurance Company, now housing the state treasurer&#39;s office. It is a fine example of Beaux Arts architecture, built in 1905 to a design by Davis & Brooks of Hartford. Extending east from that building along Elm Street were three large buildings all built by insurance companies between 1917 and 1926, as well as the J.M. Ney building, a former factory. Two of these buildings have been demolished; one, the Scottish Union & National Building, now houses the state appellate court.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Cascades , is a cascade type waterfall on the Gibbon River in Yellowstone National Park. Virginia Cascades is located just south of the Norris-Canyon road approximately 2.5 mi east of Norris Junction. A one-way road provides access to the north side of the cascades.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Cascades was named in 1886 to honor Virginia Gibson, the wife of Charles Gibson, the head of the Yellowstone Park Association concessions by Ed Lamartine who built the first wagon road between Norris and Canyon. In 1880, then superintendent Philetus Norris had named the cascades, Norris Falls but geologist Arnold Hague, although he did not like to give personal names to scenic features, agreed to the name Virginia Cascades because he thought it useful to name park features after states in the union.</p><br>
<p>Kitchen Creek is a tributary of Huntington Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 10.6 mi long and flows through Fairmount Township and Huntington Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 20.10 square miles. The creek is designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Kitchen Creek begins in Fairmount Township, near the border between Sullivan County and Luzerne County. The headwaters of the creek are also immediately south of Cherry Ridge. The creek flows southeast for some distance, passing though Lake Lehigh. It then turns south-southwest and enters a deep valley known as the Kitchen Creek Gorge, traveling over numerous waterfalls as it passes through Ricketts Glen State Park, where it receives the tributaries Shingle Cabin Brook and Maple Spring Brook. Upon leaving Ricketts Glen State Park, the creek turns south-southeast and receives the tributary Boston Run. Further downstream, it picks up the tributary Maple Run. After a while, the creek passes through Patterson Grove and enters Huntington Township, where it almost immediately reaches its confluence with Huntington Creek.</p><br>
<p>Kitchen Creek joins Huntington Creek 16.02 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, geology, and climate</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Kitchen Creek is 797 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Lakes, swamps, and mountains are present at the headwaters of Kitchen Creek. The topography of the creek&#39;s watershed is described as "rough and hilly" in a 1921 book.</p><br>
<p>The channel of Kitchen Creek is sinuous. The creek flows through rock formations made of sandstone and shale.</p><br>
<p>The rate of precipitation in the watershed of Kitchen Creek ranges between 40 in and 50 in per year.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed (or drainage basin) of Kitchen Creek has an area of 20.10 square miles.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of lakes in the watershed of Kitchen Creek. The largest is Lake Jean, with a surface area of 296.0 acres and the second-largest is Lake Lehigh with a surface area of 137.0 acres. Ganoga Lake is the third-largest lake in the watershed, having a surface area of 78.8 acres. The watershed&#39;s fourth-largest lake is Lake Rose. It has a surface area of 47.0 acres.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the main industry in the watershed of Kitchen Creek was agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Communities in the watershed of Kitchen Creek include Red Rock. This community had a population of 27 in 1921.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>The creeping snowberry plant is present in the Kitchen Creek Ravines. Other plants in the ravines include Braun&#39;s holly fern, swamp currant, great-spurred violet, and white twisted-stalk</p><br>
<p>A bird species known as Swainson&#39;s thrush is found in the ravines of Kitchen Creek. The creek is designated as a high-quality coldwater fishery.</p><br>
<p>Virgin timber was present at the headwaters of Kitchen Creek as late as the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The Alabama State University Historic District is a 26 acre historic district at the heart of the Alabama State University campus in Montgomery, Alabama. It contains eighteen contributing buildings, many of them in the Colonial Revival style, and one site. The district was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on August 25, 1994, and the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Alabama State University traces its beginnings to 1867, when former slaves Joey Pinch, Thomas Speed, Nickolas Dale, James Childs, Thomas Lee, John Freeman, Nathan Levert, David Harris, and Alexander H. Curtis founded a school for African Americans in Marion, Alabama. This school, the Lincoln Normal School, was the direct predecessor for the State Normal School and University for the Education of Colored Teachers and Students, established in 1873 by the Alabama Legislature. In 1887 the school moved to Montgomery, renamed the Alabama Colored Peoples University. Classes were initially held at Beulah Baptist Church. The name was changed to State Normal School of Colored Students in 1889, following legal wrangling regarding state funding.</p><br>
<p>Land for a permanent campus at the current location was purchased in 1889, with the first permanent building, the wood-frame Tullibody Hall, erected in 1890. This Tullibody Hall burned in 1904 and was rebuilt in brick in 1906. Following the death of the first president, William Burns Paterson, in 1915, the school became organized as a four-year teacher training high school and junior college. In the 1920s additional land was purchased and the state appropriated $50,000 for the construction of dormitories and dining facilities. The school became a full four-year institution in 1928, had a name change to State Teachers College in 1929, and conferred its first bachelor&#39;s degree in teacher education in 1931. The majority of buildings within the historic district date from this mid-20th century period, 1916 through 1945. The name of the university changed several more times over the next few decades: to Alabama State College for Negroes in 1948, Alabama State College in 1954, and in 1969 assumed the current title of Alabama State University.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan is a Lutheran church located at 164 West 100th Street just east of Amsterdam Avenue, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1888 as the German Evangelical Lutheran Church to serve German immigrants moving into the Upper West Side. It initially held services in a storefront until money had been raised to buy land and build a sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The double-height brick and stone masonry church building was constructed in 1908, and was designed by George W. Conable in the Gothic Revival style. In the 1950s, the building was slated for demolition as part of Robert Moses&#39; urban renewal program, but the parish resisted and eventually, after 10 years, won the battle. It became the only structure within 32 acres in its neighborhood not to have been razed by Moses. On September 26, 2009, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Großes Meer is a naturally formed fen lake  in north Germany that lies between Aurich and Emden near Bedekaspel in the Südbrookmerland region, on the edge of the East Frisian Geest where it transitions to the Ems marshes. The lake is the fourth largest in the state of Lower Saxony with an area of open water of about 289 hectare . The Großes Meer is – apart from a few deeper spots – only 0.5 to 1.0 metre deep. It is divided into two, almost separate, bodies of water . One feature is that the average water level lies 1.4 metres below sea level due to artificial drainage.</p><br>
<p>The nature reserve of South Großes Meer (Südteil Großes Meer) was established in 1974 and is surrounded by a 2,500 hectare large protected landscape. The northern part, by contrast, is used as a leisure and recreation area and has facilities for angling and water sports. It may not be used by motor boats, however.</p><br>
<p>With its extensive belt of reed-beds and the adjacent wetlands the Großes Meer and its surrounds are a breeding area and habitat of regional importance. Black-tailed godwit, snipe, lapwing, short-eared owl, marsh harrier, hen harrier, bittern, sedge warbler, bluethroat and reed bunting are a few of the species of breeding bird that are important from a conservation perspective. In winter huge flocks of greylag geese and greater white-fronted geese shelter here.</p><br>
<p>Southwest of the Großes Meer lies the Kleines Meer, also called the Hieve. West of the northern section of the Großes Meer is the Loppersumer Meer. The former Siersmeer and Heerenmeeder Meer in the southern part of the nature reserve have completely silted up and now form a large expanse of sedge with transitions to grey willow bushes.</p><br>
<p>Winter Place is a historic complex of two conjoined houses and three outbuildings in Montgomery, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were constructed from the 1850s through the 1870s. The Italianate style North House was built in the 1850s and was the home of the Joseph S. Winter family. The Second Empire style South House was built in the 1870s and was the home of Winters daughter, Sally Gindrat Winter Thorington, and her husband, Robert D. Thorington. Joseph S. Winters first house in Montgomery was designed by Samuel Sloan in 1851 and it is believed by architectural historians that Sloan designed Winter Place as well. Following several decades of neglect, the property was placed on the Alabama Historical Commission&#39;s Places in Peril list in 2004. It was purchased in 2006 by Craig Drescher, who is stabilizing and restoring the structures. The complex was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on September 29, 2005 and to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Fire Museum of Texas is located in a former fire station. The building is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and is an example of the Renaissance Revival. The building houses state-of-the-art interactive fire safety exhibits with a collection of antique fire equipment dating as early as 1856. It also has a two-story interactive playhouse for children to learn fire safety. Another feature is that "...the world&#39;s largest working fire hydrant...", a towering twenty-four  feet tall, is in front of the building. In addition to the fire hydrant, the museum features the State of Texas Firefighter Memorial, a 9-11 Memorial, and a Firefighter commemorative walkway.</p><br>
<p>Permanent exhibits trace history of fire fighting from bucket brigades to present practices. Several antique trucks are featured dating from 1856. Temporary exhibits can also be found at the museum.</p><br>
<p>The museum is part of a concentration of several museums in the downtown Beaumont area. It is located blocks away from the Tyrrell Historical Library, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas, the Beaumont Children&#39;s Museum (temporarily located in the Beaumont Civic Center), and the Edison Museum.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse, also known as the Galveston Federal Building, is a post office and courthouse located in Galveston, Texas, USA. The building serves as the federal court for the Galveston Division of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. Constructed in 1937, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 as Galveston USA Post Office, Custom House and Courthouse,</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Galveston is a representation of the Art Deco style of architecture, and the building has represented the Federal government in Galveston for 60 years.</p><br>
<p>It was the practice during the 1930s in the Art Deco style to use regional materials wherever possible. The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Galveston is clad with porous fossiliferous limestone. It is not known where the limestone was quarried, though the rock is typical of coastal areas. It was originally planned that the building be faced with brick. Local Congressman J.J. Mansfield and the Collector of Customs, Fred Papst, urged the Treasury Department to use limestone, a grander finish more fitting a Federal building. The construction of the Galveston United States Post Office and Courthouse took place during a period of unprecedented Federal construction. The passage of the Public Buildings Act in 1926 precipitated the construction of hundreds of Federal buildings under the auspices of the U. S. Treasury Department. The Galveston building was built in 1937 on the site of an older Post Office and Federal Building. The earlier romanesque building, constructed in the early 1890s, was demolished to prepare for the construction of the current Federal building. The first Post Office was built in Galveston in 1836. The previous Customs House and Court House was built in the late 1850s but due to Galveston&#39;s growth as a port city, the need for additional Federal office and court space necessitated further construction. In fact, the need was so great the 1890s structure became inadequate in slightly more than forty years.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the building housed the Post Office on the first floor; the postal inspectors on the second floor; various government offices on the third floor; the Customs Department on the fourth floor; petit and grand jury space on the fifth floor; judge&#39;s, USA Attorneys, USA Marshals, and the ceremonial courtroom on the sixth floor; the cotton classifying rooms, Bureau of Navigation and Bureau of Agriculture on the seventh floor. Though some tenants have changed, the basic function of the building as Post Office, Courthouse and Federal office building remains the same.</p><br>
<p>The Art Deco style is uncommon, and therefore, distinctive, in Galveston. Both the design and location of the building serve as symbols of the higher power of the Federal government. The continued use of the building as a community focal point for postal and other Federal functions reiterates its importance to Galveston.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Galveston, Texas is an eight story (including the basement) Art Deco style limestone building sitting on a granite base. The east elevation is the main elevation, and is the most prominent mass of the building. On the north and south elevations, the building rises to seven stories at the east with a two-story projecting wing to the west. The variation in height is common to the Art Deco style.</p><br>
<p>On the east (main) elevation, the facade is divided into three pavilions by abstracted pilasters. The upper five floors rest on a two-story piano nobile crested by an ornamental string course. Carved eagles perch above the main entry doors at the north and south. The facade of the third through seventh floors is divided into ten bays of windows, with the first and tenth bays being above the north and south entries. The end window bays are flanked by incised pilasters. Between the pilasters and above the window bays are incised panels with a carved USA shield in the center. The pilasters dividing the central bays are incised at the inside next to the windows. Limestone mutules support a simple cornice. The roof is red clay tile.</p><br>
<p>Main entry to the building is at the north and south ends of the west elevation. Granite steps and limestone cheek walls lead to the main entries. The cheek walls have a fluted panel in the center and are bordered by fluted bands. Each entry is two-stories in height and flanked by integral pilasters with a double fluted band at the top. The original doors with their ornate Deco design grillework have been replaced by two sets of aluminum, storefront-type double doors. Original exterior light fixtures flank the front doors. These fixtures, flush-mounted in groups of three, are vertical, rectangular bronze frames with scored bands at the top and bottom. The glazing is translucent.</p><br>
<p>The replacement, fixed casement windows, though not identical to the original, are similar in appearance. First floor windows have an elongated central light with sidelights, transoms and hoppers. Second through seventh floor windows are similar except they have no hoppers. The windows are set within fluted cast iron frames in vertical window bays creating an illusion of height. Each floor is separated by cast iron spandrels which feature a scalloped pattern at the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The building retains the seven-story massing at the east end of both the north and south elevations. This portion of the facades is finished the same as the east elevation. The two-story wing which projects to the west continues the stringcourse along its roof level. The west elevation is finished in a similar way to the others except for the presence of the loading dock in the center and the fire escape to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Significant interior spaces include the main lobby and the original sixth floor courtroom. The lobby retains its terrazzo floors and marble walls. The sixth floor courtroom has full-height walnut panelling at the walls and retains the original cork tile floor in the spectator area. Distinctive bronze chandeliers, of a design reminiscent of "scales of justice", become a focal point of the room.</p><br>
<h2>Building facts</h2><br>
<p>Architects: Alfred C. Finn</p><br>
<p>Construction Dates: 1937</p><br>
<p>Landmark Status: Listed in the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Location: 601 Rosenberg (25th Street)</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Art Deco</p><br>
<p>Primary Materials: porous fossiliferous limestone</p><br>
<p>Prominent Features: Spanish-barrel tile roof, impassive limestone eagles adorning the building from above, scalloped wall patterns around the windows. The building was also recognized as Energy Star qualified in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Cragwold, also known as Edwin A. Lemp Estate, in St. Louis County, Missouri was built in 1911.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>Built in 1911 for Edwin A. Lemp, Cragwold is one of four estates built near the Meramec River between 1910 and 1920 by wealthy St. Louisans with ties to German-American and brewing families. The centerpiece of the Cragwold estate is the Lemp Residence, an approximately 11,000-square-foot home, built embracing the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement. The design of the house and character of the estate grounds reflected Lemp&#39;s love of nature and passion for exotic animals. The house was designed around a large center atrium filled with tropical plants and several species of exotic birds. By the 1920s, the estate grounds became home to more exotic birds, and ungulate (hoofed mammals) from many continents. Lemp operated the estate as an exotic animal farm and was licensed as a Federal Game Farm.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Hi-Pointe-DeMun Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The district, commonly referred to as "DeMun," is a neighborhood straddling the city limits of St. Louis, Missouri and Clayton, Missouri. The district is roughly bounded by Clayton Road to the south, Big Bend Boulevard to the west, Northwood Avenue to the north, and Skinker Boulevard to the east, and consists of two subdivisions: DeMun Park and Hi-Pointe.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, there were 441 buildings in the district deemed to be contributing to the historic character of the district, and nine other contributing sites, over a 72.5 acre area. In 2007, the boundaries were increased to include an additional 33 acre with 111 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History and design</h2><br>
<p>The DeMun neighborhood was developed on land once owned by French fur trader Jules DeMun and his wife Isabelle Gratiot DeMun, the great-granddaughter of Pierre Laclède. The large tract deeded to the DeMun family by the King of Spain in colonial days was ultimately divided, with the eastern part sold under protest to the city of St. Louis for the establishment of Forest Park, the western part sold in 1921 to the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod to build Concordia Seminary, and the remainder sold and subdivided for the creation of the neighborhood that bears their name.</p><br>
<p>The district was designed by renowned American landscape architect and urban planner Henry Wright, and completed in 1923, after Wright&#39;s 1917 plan for the development. DeMun illustrates what would become known as Wright’s “new town” philosophy and planning features. The neighborhood faced inward, away from the congestion and noise of major thoroughfares. Access from busy streets was limited, and streets were curved to deliberately slow and quiet automobile traffic. There were alleys for cars and service vehicles, and sidewalks to get to the shops, parks, and the school, all located within the self-sufficient community. To ensure land was used efficiently, structures were placed on small lots and people shared central green spaces. Considering the unique topography of the highest point in St. Louis, large multi-story buildings were placed at the bottom of the hill, and short ones at the top, creating a visually appealing landscape and equal access to sunlight and air circulation. Finally, Wright encouraged the use of many traditional architectural styles and a limited variety of materials, so that structures were both consistent and unique.</p><br>
<h2>Character and architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although both the DeMun Park and Hi-Pointe subdivisions were designed as public neighborhoods, there were restrictive covenants attached to their deeds. Wright was an original trustee for the Hi-Pointe subdivision, which had restrictive covenants until December 1999. The restrictions were designed to insure architectural consistency, maintain the residential nature of the area, provide a funding mechanism for maintenance of the parks, trees, and streets, and limit use of the property to those originally designated.</p><br>
<p>Because of the care taken in developing DeMun, the neighborhood maintains a high level of historic integrity. All but 8 of the 305 primary buildings in the district are within the Hi-Pointe-DeMun Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is characterized primarily by post-World War I brick and limestone architecture. In the multi-family areas of the district, buildings of similar size used similar plans with individuality attained by changing the decorative tile roofs and brick patterns. The single-family neighborhood has a more eclectic collection of dwellings. However, the commonality of size, scale, and materials throughout DeMun, and in each distinct residential area, gives the neighborhood a sense of unity in design. The majority of the buildings have cut stone foundations with brickwork walls that are dark in color and vary from heavily textured to smooth faced brick. The brick varies in color including greens, tans, yellows and browns. The brick is generally laid in an American common bond pattern. All colors are muted. The mortar colors vary. The predominant mortar color is black, however, brown, red, light gray and sand are also common. Accents on the buildings are created using limestone, terra cotta and bricks of different colors and textures. Many of the original roofs were terra cotta tiles –- either red unglazed or green glazed. The other main material used in the roofs of the original buildings is slate. Many of the homes include leaded and art glass windows and doors. The garages matched the homes using the same brick, mortar, and in some cases roofing accents.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood attractions</h2><br>
<p>DeMun is located proximate to resident communities at Concordia Seminary and Washington University, and to other St. Louis neighborhoods such as Dogtown, the University City Loop, and Skinker-DeBaliviere. Nearby attractions include the 1922-built Hi-Pointe Theater, Forest Park, the St. Louis Art Museum, and the St. Louis Zoo.</p><br>
<p>Vestre Bokn is an island in Bokn municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 36 km&sup2; island is the main island of the municipality. It lies on the northern side of the Boknafjorden at the southern end of the Karmsundet strait. Vestre Bokn lies between the islands of Karmøy  and Austre Bokn and Ognøya . The main population centre on the island is the village of Føresvik, the administrative centre of the whole municipality. There are about 661 inhabitants on the island .</p><br>
<p>Vestre Bokn is connected to the mainland via a series of bridges on the European route E39 highway which connect to Austre Bokn, then to Ognøya, and then to the mainland. There is a regular ferry route from the island across the Boknafjorden to the island of Rennesøy, which in turn is connected to the city of Stavanger by a series of roads, bridges, and tunnels.</p><br>
<p>Morton Memorial Library is located on Elm Street in Pine Hill, New York, United States. It is a stone building in the Georgian Revival architectural style built at the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was named after a summer resident of the area who became a philanthropist later in his life. In 1997 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is located in the Pine Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The library is on the west side of Elm Street, situated on a small rise above street level in a residential neighborhood a short distance south of state highway NY 28. The ground generally slopes westward toward the divide between the Delaware and Hudson watersheds at nearby Highmount. District School No. 14, now the headquarters of the local historical society, is to the northwest. The Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge is just south along the road. Both properties are also listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The building is a one-and-a-half-story rectangular structure on a stone foundation, slightly exposed and faced in smooth limestone. The main exterior walls are done with stone in a rusticated ashlar pattern. Smooth limestone is also used for the keyed lintels, sills, and quoins. At the roofline is a broad frieze and denticulated cornice around the entire building. The peaked roof is surfaced in red slate, pierced by a brick chimney and two gabled dormer windows in the main block. On the east is a semicircular wing with a conical red slate roof.</p><br>
<p>Paired Ionic columns support a classical entablature over the main entrance, centrally located on the north (front) facade. Above it the roofline is enhanced with a balustrade. Three panel doors, with a rectangular light above, lead inside.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main block is one main room with the stacks and circulation desk. A fireplace with ornate mantel is on the wall between it and the reading room, in the east wing. An iron spiral stair leads to storage space in the attic, and a bronze dedication plaque is on the west wall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Henry Morton was a New York City native who, while studying at the University of Pennsylvania ,Dr. Morton along with two other students presented to the Philomathean society of the university the First complete English translation of the Rosetta Stone. he changed his career from law to science. He eventually became a chemistry professor and secretary of the Franklin Institute. In the 1870s he became the first president of Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>A decade later he purchased a cottage (this home still stands on Birch Creek Road, over a stone bridge. The home is large</p><br>
<p>and grand enough to be a mansion, as many "summer cottages" actually were) in Pine Hill and began spending summers in the Catskills. He endowed a number of small local projects, primarily roads and bridges. In 1897 he bought a local building and established the community&#39;s first library, known at the time as the Birch Creek Club Library. Within a few years it had grown and he announced plans for a new building specifically to house the library.</p><br>
<p>He died in 1902, the year before it was finished. The library has had some changes to its interior layout since its construction, but generally remains a strong example of the Georgian Revival design in the Catskills region.</p><br>
<p>The St. Francis Chapel in New Roads, Louisiana, also known as Saint Francis of Pointe Coupee, is a Gothic building built in 1894-95. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is the third church with this name built in Pointe Coupee. The first was built in 1738 and was the first permanent church in the region. The second church was built next to the Fort of Pointe Coupee and was dedicated on the Feast of St. Francis in 1760. Because of erosion of the river bank, it was dismantled in 1891, and its location and graveyard were lost to the river. The third church was built at a different location, incorporating many of the furnishings and fixtures of the second church. Construction began in the autumn of 1894, and the church was dedicated in May 1895.</p><br>
<p>The Thunderer el. 10,495 ft is a mountain peak in the northeast section of Yellowstone National Park in the Absaroka Range. The Thunderer, named by members of the Arnold Hague Geological Survey of 1885 for it propensity to attract thunderstorms is a long high ridge just north of Mount Norris. Prior to 1885, the peak was considered just a high ridge extending north from Mount Norris. The Thunderer is easily visible from the northeast entrance road as it passes up the Soda Butte Creek canyon.</p><br>
<p>The north end of the ridge can be reached via the 7.4 mi Thunderer Cutoff Trail. The trailhead is located just opposite the Pebble Creek Campground on the northeast entrance road. This trail passes through Chaw Pass to connect with the Cache Creek trail which parallels the southeast face of The Thunderer ridge.</p><br>
<p>Druid Peak  is a moderate domed peak on the southern flank of the Absaroka Range in Yellowstone National Park. The peak lies just north of the Lamar River and Soda Butte Creek confluence at the head of the Lamar Valley. Prior to 1885, this summit was named Soda Hill by members of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1878 and Mount Longfellow or Longfellows&#39; Peak by then park superintendent Philetus Norris in 1880. In 1885, members of the Arnold Hague Geological Survey changed the name to Druid Peak for unknown reasons, but some historians believe it may have been the presence of Stonehenge like rock formations on its eastern face that prompted the name.</p><br>
<p>Druid Peak is notable for its role in the reintroduction of Wolves into Yellowstone. Rose Creek which flows west from the northern slope of Druid Peak was the site of one of the release pens for the January 1995 release of wolves, the pack to be known as the Rose Creek pack. In January 1996 a second release was made from pens on the slopes of Druid Peak. This pack became known as the Druid Pack.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Izla , also Mountain of Nisibis, or briefly in the 9th century, Mt. Kashyari, is a low mountain or ridge near Nisibis in what once was Sassanid Persia, but is now southeastern Turkey, along the border with Syria. The ridge is the location of dozens of ancient monasteries which were built in the early centuries of Christianity. In modern times, all of the monasteries are in ruins except for that of Saint Melke, Mor Malke Monastery.</p><br>
<p>Though called a mountain, it is actually a 77 km ridge running from east to west, with a plateau on the northern (Turkey) side, and a plain on the southern (Syria) side. One end of the ridge is Dara, a Roman fortification. On the other is Serwan (Sisaranon), the location of the Castle of Tur Abdin, which was built by Constantius II in the 4th century.</p><br>
<p>Early monasteries, believed to have been founded in the 4th century, are Mar Awgin, Mar Malke, and Mar Samuel. The next was the most famous, Mar Abraham of Kashkar, also known as the Great Monastery, which was founded in the latter part of the 6th century. Later monasteries included that of Rabban Sapra, Mar Yaret, Mar Khudahwi, Za&#39;faran (Saffron), Mar Yohannan the Arab, and Mar Ya&#39;qob. At its peak, there were approximately 40,000 monks on Mt. Izla.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>* Saint Abraham the Great of Kashkar, 6th century founder of the Assyrian monastic revival</p><br>
<p>* Saint Augin</p><br>
<p>* Babai the Great</p><br>
<p>Calderwood was a community once located along the Little Tennessee River in Blount County, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1912 as a base for the Aluminum Company of Americas Little Tennessee Valley hydroelectric development operations, the community continued to house construction personnel and dam maintenance personnel for nearby Calderwood Dam until the 1960s. Although the communitys houses were razed after its abandonment, three buildings located in the community&mdash; the Calderwood Dam service building, the Calderwood School, and a Quonset hut used as a theater&mdash; were included in a supplementary listing for Calderwood Dam on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Alcoa began developing the Little Tennessee Valley in 1909 to provide the ample amounts of electricity necessary to power its planned aluminum smelting operations in Blount County. Under the leadership of Alcoa engineer Isaac Glidden Calderwood (1871&ndash;1941), three dams&mdash; Cheoah (1919), Santeetlah (1928), and Calderwood (1930)&mdash; were completed in a remote section of the valley along the Tennessee-North Carolina border. The community of Calderwood was initially known as "Alcoa," but was renamed in I. G. Calderwood&#39;s honor after the company reapplied the name "Alcoa" to its main company town in northern Blount County.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Calderwood community was situated on the north bank (or Blount County side) of the Little Tennessee River, approximately 41 mi upstream from the mouth of the river. This section of the river is technically part of Chilhowee Lake, which is impounded by Chilhowee Dam approximately 8 mi downstream. Calderwood Dam is located 3 mi upstream, on the opposite end of a horseshoe bend in the river. USA Route 129 provides the only major road access to the Calderwood area. Just past Calderwood, US-129 enters a switchback-laden stretch of road known as "The Dragon," which is popular with motorcyclists.</p><br>
<p>The surviving community structures and the Calderwood Dam service building are accessible via Housley Road, which connects US-129 with Growdon Road on the riverfront. The Calderwood Baptist Church is located about halfway down Housley Road in a wooded area on the left. At the intersection of Housley and Growdon, the service building is to the left, with a gated road (open to foot traffic) continuing to the powerhouse. To the right of the intersection, the road continues past the Calderwood School building and culminates at a boat ramp in the lake connected via causeway to the mainland. Just past the school building, an unmarked road leads up the cliffslope to the Calderwood Methodist Church and the former residential area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now Calderwood stands adjacent to what was once a narrow stretch of the river that for centuries was used as a ford by Native Americans. By the 18th century, the Overhill Cherokee village of Tallassee straddled both sides of this ford. This village was burned by Colonel John Sevier in 1788 in retaliation for the Nine Mile Creek massacre, which took place a few miles to the north.</p><br>
<p>When Alcoa began developing the Little Tennessee Valley around 1909, the Calderwood area was part of a farm owned by Blount County farmer John Howard. After purchasing the property, company engineers began using it as a base of operations. In 1912, a post office was set up in the base camp, which initially used the companys name, "Alcoa." Under engineer I. G. Calderwoods leadership, a railroad line was constructed to connect the base camp with the Southern Railway terminal at Chilhowee (near modern Chilhowee Dam). Alcoas Little Tennessee Valley plans were finalized in 1915, and construction crews began arriving at the companys base camp. Cheoah Dam was completed in 1919, and Santeetlah was completed in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the large company town that housed the workers for Alcoas aluminum plants, which had previously been known as "North Maryville," was incorporated under the companys name. The following year, the company renamed its Little Tennessee Valley construction camp "Calderwood" after its able head of operations in the valley, I. G. Calderwood. After the completion of Calderwood Dam in 1930, the construction camp evolved into a community that housed maintenance crews for the dam. Nearly two dozen residences were built, all following identical one-floor plans.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, Calderwood expanded. In 1950, a school was built, and a Quonset hut was installed in the community for use as a theater. The Calderwood Methodist Church was completed in 1954, and the Calderwood Baptist Church was completed the following year. Within a few years, the need for onsite crews diminished, however, and residents began moving away. By the late 1960s, Calderwood had been largely abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Historical structures</h2><br>
<p>Calderwood Dam was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, and the dams powerhouse, valve house, conduit tunnel, and penstocks were added in 1990. In 2004, several buildings in the Calderwood community&mdash; including the dams service building, the school, and the Quonset-hut theater&mdash; along with the dam&#39;s gantry cranes and gatehouse, were added to the National Register. The residences in the community have all been razed, and only their foundations and two garages remain. The Calderwood Methodist Church is still intact, but the Calderwood Baptist Church has partially collapsed (the front facade remains). Neither church was included in the National Register listing.</p><br>
